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D

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
- not clear as to whether the spears or the hunting ground serve as evidence.

B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
- "what it appears" is awkward (same goes for A, as well). Implies that the hunting ground itself is the stunning evidence.
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
- highlighted portion should be "are" for plural "spears"
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
- "what appears to be" correct construction.
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who
-"what appears that" awkward construction again.
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Allen760
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who

D is best Evidence That and meaning issue A and B use "it", C distorts the meaning has multiple issues, E has evidence of

My question is what does Stunning modify? Researchers?
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Allen760
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who

D is best Evidence That and meaning issue A and B use "it", C distorts the meaning has multiple issues, E has evidence of

My question is what does Stunning modify? Researchers?

Stunning is an adjective that refers to evidence: this is not a case of COMMA +ING VERB.

"Stunning evidence" refers to "wooden spears".

What is "stunning evidence that human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed"? The wooden spears, not the researchers
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I am still not clear - how "stunning evidence" in (D) is modifying "spears"-a noun which is miles away from the modifier...
Can someone be more elaborate on this?
Thanks
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Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunitng ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

a) it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
b) it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
c) appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
d) appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
e) appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who

Does any expert have an explaination for this question?
Thank you

in A and B after what it has no sense because IT has an unclear antecedent: it refers to germany. Moreover, it doen'st appear by itself. so out

C D E

C appear was an ancient .........hunting ground.....AND is stunning...... clearly not parallel and the sentence doesn't show a clear meaning

E stunning of human is wrong . simply becasue the eveidence shows something so we need a restrictive pronoun "that". Using OF distort the meaning.

D wins. I admit that this question is pretty tough and convoluted.

regards
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Researchers have found X from (a place ) what appears to be Y (place), STUNning ( Verb+ing modifier modifying entire preceding clause) evidence that (some postulation) human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
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Researchers have found X from (a place ) what appears to be Y (place), STUNning ( Verb+ing modifier modifying entire preceding clause) evidence that (some postulation) human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
Actually stunning in this case is not modifying preceding clause; it is just used as a pureplay adjective, modifying the noun evidence (in the sense that the evidence is stunning).

This sentence actually uses an absolute modifier construct (evidence that human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed). Absolute modifiers are tested quite extensively on GMAT and test takers must make themselves very comfortable with this construct, especially since this is not a very intuitive construct.

p.s. Absolute modifiers have been discussed in detail in our book. If you can PM me your mail id, I can send the corresponding section to you.
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Unlock the convoluted sentence by referring following examples :

Simple:: I purchased vegetables from a Japanese shop. <<--- I am confident that shop was of a Japanese
Complex:: I purchased vegetables from what appears to be a Japanese shop. <<--- Here I am trying to figure out that it appears to be a Japanese shop.


Choice D is written on similar lines with additional absolute phrase modifier stunning evidence in the end.

Thank by Kudos if above explanation cleared your doubts :)
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Word 'appear' only takes infinitive, and only D uses it correctly.
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shadabanwer

One question please, how do identify an absolute phrase from a noun modifier? For example, why can't I treat the portion after comma i.e. 'stunning evidence.....' as noun modifier, modifying hunting ground??

,

Hope you find below links useful.

https://e-gmat.com/blog/gmat-verbal/sen ... ers-gmat-1

https://e-gmat.com/blog/gmat-verbal/sen ... ers-gmat-2
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shadabanwer
VeritasPrepKarishma
Quote:
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who


Could you please help us with this question ?

I am still not clear - how "stunning evidence" in (D) is modifying "spears"-a noun which is far away from the modifier...


'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) is an absolute phrase. An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole.
What is the evidence? It is that "400,000-year-old wooden spears have been unearthed from an ancient hunting ground". The entire clause is the evidence. It's something similar to appositive.


Hello Karishma,
Your explanation makes perfect sense, thanks!
One question please, how do identify an absolute phrase from a noun modifier? For example, why can't I treat the portion after comma i.e. 'stunning evidence.....' as noun modifier, modifying hunting ground??

Thanks in advance for your answer,

Note that "stunning evidence ..." is not modifying "hunting ground".
What is actually the stunning evidence? It is that "400,000-year-old wooden spears have been unearthed from an ancient hunting ground". The entire clause is the stunning evidence.

An absolute phrase is a modifier. It can be a 'noun + noun modifier' when it modifies the entire preceding clause as happens in this case.
An absolute phrase has some other usage too.

Check out this post: https://www.gmatclub.com/forum/veritas-prep-resource-links-no-longer-available-399979.html#/2014/09 ... -the-gmat/
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"It" in choices A & B are incorrect modifier, "appears was" is imprecise in choice C since two verbs are used together. "evidence of human ancestors", "Noun + of clause" is not preference in GMAT, " Noun + that + clause" as in choice D is better.
"appear + to be" is correct idiom.
Correct answer is D.
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VeritasPrepKarishma
Quote:
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who


Could you please help us with this question ?

I am still not clear - how "stunning evidence" in (D) is modifying "spears"-a noun which is far away from the modifier...


'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) is an absolute phrase. An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole.
What is the evidence? It is that "400,000-year-old wooden spears have been unearthed from an ancient hunting ground". The entire clause is the evidence. It's something similar to appositive.


I am unable to understand how 'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) works as an absolute phrase. If we consider 'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) as appositive then it will modify the noun preceding the appositive and hence modifying "an ancient lakeshore hunting ground" and not the whole phrase in front of it.

Can you please clarify on it.
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SiddyVR46
VeritasPrepKarishma
Quote:
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who


Could you please help us with this question ?

I am still not clear - how "stunning evidence" in (D) is modifying "spears"-a noun which is far away from the modifier...


'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) is an absolute phrase. An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole.
What is the evidence? It is that "400,000-year-old wooden spears have been unearthed from an ancient hunting ground". The entire clause is the evidence. It's something similar to appositive.


I am unable to understand how 'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) works as an absolute phrase. If we consider 'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) as appositive then it will modify the noun preceding the appositive and hence modifying "an ancient lakeshore hunting ground" and not the whole phrase in front of it.

Can you please clarify on it.

An absolute phrase modifies an entire clause.
Check here: https://www.gmatclub.com/forum/veritas-prep-resource-links-no-longer-available-399979.html#/2014/09 ... -the-gmat/
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Let’s try to simplify this question:

Researchers … have unearthed … spears from what …

The correct idiom that works here is ‘what appears to be

Based on this clue, we can eliminate the other options and get to the right choice quickly enough.

Option A – illogical sentence. The meaning is ambiguous. What serves as evidence?

Option B – the use of ‘and’ changes the intent of the sentence.

Option C – the use of ‘and’ again muddles the meaning and structure.

Option D
– correct idiom.

Option E – ‘from what appears that’ is incorrect.

Eliminate Options A, B, C and E.

Option D is the best choice.

Hope this helps!
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Hey there
Let us do some meaning analysis here

Meaning analysis:
In Germany, researchers have excavated wooden spears that are considered 400,000 years old. It can be seen from the excavation that the place where wooden spears is found was an old lakeshore ground used for hunting. This discovery is a piece of great evidence to prove that human ancestors used to hunt systematically from a time much earlier than what was previously assumed. This is the intended logical meaning.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
The wooden spears appear as something or appear to be something. 'Appears was' is Incorrect. The usage of it is also incorrect since the meaning here to present back to wooden spears which are plural. Also, this choice does not represent the intended meaning. The wooden spears act as stunning evidence that something not evidence of something. The intended meaning is to present what the evidence is about.

B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
This choice repeats the first two errors of choice AThe usage of 'and stunning evidence' fails to show the meaning that wooden spears are stunning evidence. It seems that the excavation was done from what appeared ground and stunning evidence. This meaning is incorrect.

C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
The usage of 'and stunning evidence' fails to show the meaning that wooden spears are stunning evidence.

D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors

E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who
The usage of 'it' remains unclear here. The wooden spears act as stunning evidence that something not evidence of something. The intended meaning is to present what the evidence is about.
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VeritasKarishma
Quote:
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.

A. it appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground as stunning evidence of human ancestors who
B. it appears had been an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and stunning evidence that human ancestors
C. appears was an ancient lakeshore hunting ground and is stunning evidence that human ancestors
D. appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence that human ancestors
E. appears that it is an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning evidence of human ancestors who


Could you please help us with this question ?

I am still not clear - how "stunning evidence" in (D) is modifying "spears"-a noun which is far away from the modifier...


'stunning evidence ... ' in (D) is an absolute phrase. An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole.
What is the evidence? It is that "400,000-year-old wooden spears have been unearthed from an ancient hunting ground". The entire clause is the evidence. It's something similar to appositive.

How do we know that one is an absolute modifier and one is an ing modifier? I thought stunning was an ing modifier.
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