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555-605 Level|   Science|                           
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In question 1. Can someone explain the difference between option (C) and (A) and how (A) is correct?
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In question 1. Can someone explain the difference between option (C) and (A) and how (A) is correct?

Question 1:
According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

According to the passage , the plant antiherbivore chemistry deals with plants' chemical defenses against attack by herbivores such as insects

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior. - Plants are attacked by Insects for feeding and if plant's chemicals build defenses against attack , then it directly impacts Insects feeding. Option A directly says the same.

(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.
Agreed, this might theoritically be right, but responses mentioned here comes after infections.
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I selected C for Q3 considering that initially the bacterial infections were considered as the reason and later chemical analysis showed that insects were the actual cause

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Question 3


ag28
GMATNinja @e-gmat
I selected C for Q3 considering that initially the bacterial infections were considered as the reason and later chemical analysis showed that insects were the actual cause

Posted from my mobile device
VeritasKarishma explained why (A) is correct here, but we'll throw in our thoughts on why (C) is wrong in case that's helpful!

Quote:
3. The author refers to “bacterial infections” (see line 11) most likely in order to

(C) explain how modern chemical analysis has been used to clarify the function of resin
The purpose of the first paragraph is to describe various misunderstandings about the terms "resin" and "amber." Gum is mentioned as an example of one of these misunderstandings -- "Resin is often confused with gum."

Later in the paragraph, we learn a few more relevant facts about resin and gum:
  • Gum is "produced in plants in response to bacterial infections"
  • Scientists have not yet "determined a physiological function for resin"

Therefore (C) is wrong because scientists have not clarified the function of resin. While various theories about the function of resin in relation to insect attack are discussed in the second paragraph, none of this is related to the mention of "bacterial infections" in line 11, which only relates to gum.

I hope that helps!
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Hi Experts,

I got other questions right but highly confused in question 2 for options B, D and E
Can you please help me understand what exactly is making E right and how to go about it


2. Of the following topics, which would be most likely to be studied within the discipline of chemical ecology as it is described in the passage?
Chemical ecology talks about the interaction between chemical and insect.
(A) Seeds that become attached to certain insects, which in turn carry away the seeds and aid in the reproductive cycle of the plant species in question -Seeds are not chemicals. Incorrect.
(B) An insect species that feeds on weeds detrimental to crop health and yield, and how these insects might aid in agricultural production
(C) The effects of deforestation on the life cycles of subtropical carnivorous plants and the insect species on which the plants feed -Effect of deforestation? Irrelevant
(D) The growth patterns of a particular species of plant that has proved remarkably resistant to herbicides -Growth pattern is talking about evolution of plants here right which is said in last lines of passage
(E) Insects that develop a tolerance for feeding on a plant that had previously been toxic to them, and the resultant changes within that plant species


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pratishtha1210
I got other questions right but highly confused in question 2 for options B, D and E
Can you please help me understand what exactly is making E right and how to go about it
Hi pratishtha1210,

Here's what the passage says about chemical ecology:
BillyZ
chemical ecology, which is concerned with the role of plant chemicals in interactions with other organisms and with the evolution and ecology of plant antiherbivore chemistry (plants' chemical defenses against attack by herbivores such as insects)
B. Mentions insects (other organisms), but doesn't have anything to do with plant chemicals.

D. Mentions plants and their resistance to herbicides. Doesn't mention other organisms. Also, herbicides may be chemicals, but they aren't plant chemicals. Herbicides are actually chemicals that are used to kill plants.

E. Mentions insects (other organisms), plants, and "resultant changes within that plant species" (evolution).

Insects' developing tolerance for feeding on a plant would necessarily involve an interaction between them and plant antiherbivore chemistry (otherwise, there would be no need for the word "tolerance"), and if the plant changes as a result, that points to the "evolution" mentioned in the passage.
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In the first question, agree that (A) is correct. But can someone please explain why is (E) incorrect?
(E) Researchers first studied repellent effects in plants beginning in the 1950s.
Quote:
Question 1 (Book Question: 467)

According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.

(B) A plant's repellent effects often involve interactions between gum and resin.

(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

(D) Plant antiherbivore chemistry plays only a minor role in the coevolution of plants and insects.

(E) Researchers first studied repellent effects in plants beginning in the 1950s.
Quote:
In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects...
We are told that the repellent effects of resin were first considered in the 1950s. However, that does not necessarily mean that researchers were not studying OTHER (non-resin) repellent effects in plants prior to the 1950s.

I hope that helps!

Hi All/ GMATNinja

Kindly help on my below query for Question 1

The above explanation has confused me more. Can you please explain what should be the approach/ thinking that should go behind our reading/understanding. Do I need to question the author's intent for something, which I had considered a fact from the paragraph . As you see here " In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects" this statement I had considered fact but your explanation question's the intent of the fact stating that "However, that does not necessarily mean that researchers were not studying OTHER (non-resin) repellent effects in plants prior to the 1950s." Hence kindly elaborate on your thinking for better understanding.

Also, the answer which is given for this question. "Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior." The reason why I had not selected (A) because I felt that the statement is making a general comment for all the insect rather than some insects which is what the paragraph indented: quoted " But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin. This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site." Can you please correct my understanding here.
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Anvesh99
Hi All/ GMATNinja

Kindly help on my below query for Question 1

The above explanation has confused me more. Can you please explain what should be the approach/ thinking that should go behind our reading/understanding. Do I need to question the author's intent for something, which I had considered a fact from the paragraph . As you see here " In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects" this statement I had considered fact but your explanation question's the intent of the fact stating that "However, that does not necessarily mean that researchers were not studying OTHER (non-resin) repellent effects in plants prior to the 1950s." Hence kindly elaborate on your thinking for better understanding.

Also, the answer which is given for this question. "Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior." The reason why I had not selected (A) because I felt that the statement is making a general comment for all the insect rather than some insects which is what the paragraph indented: quoted " But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin. This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site." Can you please correct my understanding here.
Hi Anvesh99,

This is what the passage says:
BillyZ
In the 1950s, entomologists posited that resin may function to repel or attract insects.
And this is option E:
BillyZ
(E) Researchers first studied repellent effects in plants beginning in the 1950s.
In other words, the information we have is "in the 1950s, someone said that X does Y". Now, in the absence of any further information, how can we go from that to "~Y was first studied beginning in the 1950s"? For example, if we have a statement like "in the 1950s, someone said that X contributes to global warming", from that statement we can't conclude "researchers first studied global warming beginning in the 1950s".
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avigutman KarishmaB AndrewN GMATNinja really not clear about choice A in question 1. it seems way too irrelevant with the word 'changes' . Where can we see that with the changes in the chemistry, their eating behaviour changes? Their behaviour has just evolved generally and has nothing to do with changes in chemistry. In fact not that plants are intentionally changing their chemistry
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really not clear about choice A in question 1. it seems way too irrelevant with the word 'changes' . Where can we see that with the changes in the chemistry, their eating behaviour changes? Their behaviour has just evolved generally and has nothing to do with changes in chemistry. In fact not that plants are intentionally changing their chemistry
Here, Elite097:
Quote:
over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects. But some insect species, he noted, might overcome the repellent effects, actually becoming attracted to the resin.

Posted from my mobile device
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KarishmaB GMATNinja

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.
(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

Understanding from passage - plant antiherbivore chemistry relates to plant releasing some substances such as resin when attacked by insects. ( plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects)
Meaning of C - When insect attacks plants and causes bacterial infection, plant will release resin with specific repellent effects to prevent infections.
But resin was released to stop insect attack.
C is incorrect because infection process happens after plant attack and resins was able to repel the insect. So we don't know whether plant antiherbivore chemistry/repelling effect helps in preventing or fighting against infection.
Please help to understand the reason to reject C.

3. The author refers to “bacterial infections” (see line 11) most likely in order to
(E) give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin
E can be rejected because we don't still don't the reason or nature of resin. What's the meaning of "nature of resin"? Is the author referring to "physiological function" or something else?

Thank you for your help!
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KarishmaB GMATNinja

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.
(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

Understanding from passage - plant antiherbivore chemistry relates to plant releasing some substances such as resin when attacked by insects. ( plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects)
Meaning of C - When insect attacks plants and causes bacterial infection, plant will release resin with specific repellent effects to prevent infections.
But resin was released to stop insect attack.
C is incorrect because infection process happens after plant attack and resins was able to repel the insect. So we don't know whether plant antiherbivore chemistry/repelling effect helps in preventing or fighting against infection.
Please help to understand the reason to reject C.

3. The author refers to “bacterial infections” (see line 11) most likely in order to
(E) give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin
E can be rejected because we don't still don't the reason or nature of resin. What's the meaning of "nature of resin"? Is the author referring to "physiological function" or something else?

Thank you for your help!


1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.

(B) A plant's repellent effects often involve interactions between gum and resin.

(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

(D) Plant antiherbivore chemistry plays only a minor role in the coevolution of plants and insects.

(E) Researchers first studied repellent effects in plants beginning in the 1950s.


(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.

From the passage:
... This might induce the insects to feed on those plants or aid them in securing a breeding site.
Hence changes in antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.

Answer (A)


(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

From the passage:

Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap, an aqueous solution transported through certain plant tissues. Resin differs from both gum and sap in that scientists have not determined a physiological function for resin.

The second paragraph says that resin seems to be connected with plants and insects interdependence.

Resin has nothing to do with bacterial infections. Gum is the substance managing that. Hence (C) is not correct.
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KarishmaB GMATNinja

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of plant antiherbivore chemistry?

(A) Changes in a plant's antiherbivore chemistry may affect insect feeding behavior.
(C) A plant's antiherbivore responses assist in combating bacterial infections.

Understanding from passage - plant antiherbivore chemistry relates to plant releasing some substances such as resin when attacked by insects. ( plants initially produced resin in nonspecific chemical responses to insect attack and that, over time, plants evolved that produced resin with specific repellent effects)
Meaning of C - When insect attacks plants and causes bacterial infection, plant will release resin with specific repellent effects to prevent infections.
But resin was released to stop insect attack.
C is incorrect because infection process happens after plant attack and resins was able to repel the insect. So we don't know whether plant antiherbivore chemistry/repelling effect helps in preventing or fighting against infection.
Please help to understand the reason to reject C.

3. The author refers to “bacterial infections” (see line 11) most likely in order to
(E) give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin
E can be rejected because we don't still don't the reason or nature of resin. What's the meaning of "nature of resin"? Is the author referring to "physiological function" or something else?

Thank you for your help!


3. The author refers to “bacterial infections” (see line 11) most likely in order to

(A) describe the physiological function that gum performs in plants

(B) demonstrate that sap is not the only substance that is transported through a plant's tissues

(C) explain how modern chemical analysis has been used to clarify the function of resin

(D) show that gum cannot serve as an effective defense against herbivores

(E) give an example of how confusion has arisen with regard to the nature of resin


Resin is often confused with gum, a substance produced in plants in response to bacterial infections, and with sap, an aqueous solution transported through certain plant tissues. Resin differs from both gum and sap in that scientists have not determined a physiological function for resin.

The author says that people confuse resin with two other substances - gum and sap. He then explains the function of gum and function of sap and says that "a physiological function for resin" has not been determined. Hence, 'bacterial infections' was mentioned to give the function of gum.

Hence (A) is correct.

Note that bacterial infections has nothing to do how confusion arose about resin. People were unable to differentiate between the substances and that is why confusion arose. In fact, bacterial infections is mentioned to clarify the confusion.
Hence (E) is not correct.
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7 mins 49 secs, all 4 correct.
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Why each option works / doesn’t:

(A) give an example of how the nature of amber has been misunderstood in the past

Sounds tempting, but it’s wrong because Pliny did not misunderstand amber. He actually recognized its true source. So his mention is not an example of misunderstanding — it’s the opposite. ✅ Good elimination.

(B) show that confusion about amber has long been more pervasive than confusion about resin

The passage never compares which confusion is “more pervasive.” That contrast (amber vs resin) is not made. ❌ Out.

(C) make note of the first known reference to amber as a semiprecious gem

Wrong because Pliny did not call it a gem — later people did. ❌ Out.

(D) point out an exception to a generalization about the history of people’s understanding of amber

Yes. The generalization is: amber has been widely misunderstood.

Pliny is cited as an exception — someone who actually understood it correctly. ✅ Correct answer.

(E) demonstrate that Pliny believed amber to be a mineral

The opposite of what the text says. ❌ Out.
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