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[quote="drdas"]Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and, if it strikes Earth, it can do tremendous damage to part of the planet but probably not cause planetwide destruction.


A. and, if it strikes Earth, it can do tremendous damage to part of the planet but

B. and, if it would strike Earth, part of the planet could experience a tremendous amount of damage but it would

C. and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage to part of the planet but would

D. and that, if Earth is struck by it, can do part of the planet tremendous damage, but it would

E. and that, if it strikes Earth, it could experience a tremendous amount of damage but

This question is based on the concept of Conditional sentences and Verb forms.

Option A contains a redundant pronoun ‘it’. It also contains the incorrect form of the verb.
This sentence conveys a condition and a result. If the conditional clause expresses a condition that is real, the result should also be certain. The structure of such a sentence is –
If + subject + simple present, subject + simple present/simple future
Since this option does not conform to the sentence structure, Option A can be eliminated.

Option B also has the incorrect structure for a conditional sentence. The structure for a conditional sentence that expresses a hypothetical condition and result is -
If + subject + verb in the past subjunctive, subject + would/could + simple present
This option doesn’t contain that pattern:
"and, if it would strike Earth, part of the planet could experience a tremendous amount of damage but it would"
So, Option B can be eliminated.

Option C contains the appropriate structure for a conditional sentence that expresses a hypothetical condition and result.
"and that, if it were (past subjunctive) to strike Earth, could do (could + simple present) tremendous damage to part of the planet but would"
So, C is the most appropriate option.

Option D has a verb in the passive voice – is struck – this verb changes the meaning of the sentence and leaves the verb ‘can do’ without an appropriate subject. What can do damage to the planet is not clear in this option. So, Option D can be ruled out.

Option E contains a pronoun reference error. The pronoun ‘it’ refers to the asteroid in this option, implying that the asteroid could experience a lot of damage. However, the intended meaning is that the Earth could experience a lot of damage. So, Option E can also be ruled out. This option also has the inappropriate construction for a conditional sentence. It mixes the structure of two types of conditional sentences.

Therefore, C is the most appropriate option.

Jayanthi Kumar.
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GMATNinja could you help explain... I saw a few explanations here but not sure if I understood the difference between A/C.... redundant pronoun?
missing subject in the then clause does not sound too great either...although sound is never a good indicator for GMAT SC.
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GMATNinja could you help explain... I saw a few explanations here but not sure if I understood the difference between A/C.... redundant pronoun?
missing subject in the then clause does not sound too great either...although sound is never a good indicator for GMAT SC.
I wouldn't use pronoun ambiguity here either. There are two good reason to kill (A).

First, the if/then construction is problematic. Typically, when the "if" clause contains a present tense action, the "then" clause will contain a future tense action. For example:

    If Tim forgets to feed the goldfish, his children will get an important lesson about how fleeting life can be and how powerful their toilet flush is.

The verb in the "if" clause is the simple present "forgets," and the verb in the "then" clause is the future tense "will get." This is correct. However, that's not what we have in (A). Take another look at the relevant portion:

Quote:
If it strikes Earth, it can do tremendous damage
Notice that we get a present tense verb, "strikes" in the if clause, but we don't get a future tense verb in the "then" clause. So that's one problem. I'm not sure that it's DEFINITELY wrong, but it's not awesome.

The other issue with (A) is that the parallel construction creates an unclear meaning. To see why, consider two sentences:

    1) Tim believes that the Sixers will trade for an impact perimeter player and that this addition will be the key to the team's title hopes.

Here, the two "that" clauses make it clear that Tim believes two discrete things: 1) The Sixers will make a trade and 2) the addition will be important.

But watch what happens if we remove the second "that."

    2) Tim believes that the Sixers will trade for an impact perimeter player and this addition will be the key to the team's title hopes.

Notice that this construction is more confusing than the first. Without the second "that" it's no longer clear if this second piece is something Tim believes or just another piece of information that happens to be true.

Also, at first glance it looks like the Sixers are trading for two things "a perimeter player and this addition." If you reread, you can figure out what the writer intended, but it takes work, and there's some potential confusion to grapple with first. So I wouldn't necessarily say this version is absolutely WRONG, but the first sentence is clearer and better.

Let's revisit (C):

Quote:
(C) Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage to part of the planet but would probably not cause planetwide destruction.


Again, we have two parallel "that" clauses, both describing the asteroid. We learn 1) that the asteroid is half a mile wide and 2) that it could do a lot damage. Crystal clear.

Now let's go back to (A):

Quote:
(A) Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and, if it strikes Earth, it can do tremendous damage to part of the planet but probably not cause planetwide destruction.

Because (A) removes the second "that" it's not clear how the second piece of information is connected to the first. Are the two just descriptions about the asteroid, similar to what we had in (C)? Or are there two parallel clauses that might not be related: 1) Scientists have identified an asteroid and 2) the asteroid might cause damage? Either interpretation could potentially make sense, but because there's some confusion/ambiguity, (C) is a clearer and better option.

I hope that helps!
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Hi Experts

Good Morning

GMATNinja VeritasKarishma EducationAisle ChrisLele mikemcgarry AjiteshArun egmat sayantanc2k RonPurewal DmitryFarber MagooshExpert avigutman EMPOWERgmatVerbal MartyTargetTestPrep other experts

Can anyone please explain me what is the difference between hypothetical subjunctive construction and If (Past tense)...Then(simple past tense or would) construction. How we can identify that it's not the case of If(past tense)...Then(Simple past tense or would) construction and it's the case of hypothetical subjective construction

In short please explain me the difference between Option A and Option C , and also how to identify "hypothetical subjective construction"
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Hi Experts

Good Morning

GMATNinja VeritasKarishma EducationAisle ChrisLele mikemcgarry AjiteshArun egmat sayantanc2k RonPurewal DmitryFarber MagooshExpert avigutman EMPOWERgmatVerbal MartyTargetTestPrep other experts

Can anyone please explain me what is the difference between hypothetical subjunctive construction and If (Past tense)...Then(simple past tense or would) construction. How we can identify that it's not the case of If(past tense)...Then(Simple past tense or would) construction and it's the case of hypothetical subjective construction

In short please explain me the difference between Option A and Option C , and also how to identify "hypothetical subjective construction"

Normally with "it" we use "was" in the past tense.
It was a cold night.

But when we express hypothetical cases, we use "were" subjunctive.

I wish she were my girlfriend. (not "I wish she was my girlfriend")
If I were taller, I would have joined the basketball team.

The sentence given certainly looks like a hypothetical case and not what we expect might happen in the future. For it to be feasible, we would have been given that it will cross Earth's orbit in a few years and that there is some probability that it will strike Earth etc.
All we are given is that this is the size of the asteroid and that if it were to strike Earth, this is what would happen. (that is, if an asteroid of this size were to strike Earth, these would be the repercussions).
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Vatsal7794
...

In short please explain me the difference between Option A and Option C , and also how to identify "hypothetical subjective construction
Looks like VeritasKarishma very elegantly covered the "hypothetical subjective" part of your question, but if you want a full breakdown of (A) vs (C), check out our post from earlier in the thread.
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Hi AjiteshArun sayantanc2k

In the correct answer C, the clause "could do tremendous damage" is place right next to "Earth". Isn't this incorrectly modifying the "Earth" and hence hinting that Earth is casing the damage ? What am I missing ?
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Hi AjiteshArun sayantanc2k

In the correct answer C, the clause "could do tremendous damage" is place right next to "Earth". Isn't this incorrectly modifying the "Earth" and hence hinting that Earth is casing the damage ? What am I missing ?
Hi Namangupta1997,

Yes, could do is right next to Earth, but there are a couple of things that can help us get to the correct interpretation:

1. Option C uses a pair of commas around if it were to strike Earth. Generally, when we see a pair of commas, we treat the information inside those commas as a break in the flow of the sentence. Or, to put it another way, we can ignore that part of the sentence to check what the rest of the sentence is trying to say.

(i) Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage...

Ignoring the two elements within commas, we get
(ii) Scientists have identified an asteroid that is about half a mile wide and that could do tremendous damage...

2. Earth is the object of the infinitive to strike. Within the if-clause, it is the subject, and were is the verb. To strike is something called an infinitive (infinitives are verb forms that aren't "complete" verbs).

(iii) ... if it were to strike Earth...

Earth is the thing that could receive the strike. This makes it the object of to strike. This also makes it easier to see that could do, which is a verb, must combine with something else, because verbs need to combine with subjects.

(iv) ... that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage... ← Here that (which points to an asteroid) is the subject of could do.

Approach (2) is fine, but (1) is probably faster, so that's the one I'd recommend.
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Hi AjiteshArun,

Thanks for the clarification. Just 1 follow-up question. If "If it were to strike earth" were a part of the main clause and not enclosed in commas, then "could do tremendous damage" would directly refer to earth right ? As in that case, it would no longer be an additional information. Instead it would be a part of critical info to clearly understand the intention of the sentence.
Is my understanding correct ?
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Namangupta1997
Hi AjiteshArun,

Thanks for the clarification. Just 1 follow-up question. If "If it were to strike earth" were a part of the main clause and not enclosed in commas, then "could do tremendous damage" would directly refer to earth right ? As in that case, it would no longer be an additional information. Instead it would be a part of critical info to clearly understand the intention of the sentence.
Is my understanding correct ?

Hello Namangupta1997,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, if the phrase "if it were to strike Earth" were not enclosed by commas, the sentence would be incorrect, since this phrase is a modifying phrase, specifically a conditional.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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