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'Those' is a relative pronoun which agrees in number to bones. So we get down to B and E. In E 'is' should be 'are' and hence is eliminated. So IMO B

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pbms
The cowboy found some bones, proving to be of an ancient bason.

(A) bones, proving to be of
(B) bones that proved to be those of
(C) bones that proved to be that of
(D) bones, proving to be that of
(E) bones, which is proved those of

(A) ,ing word denotes an adverb. We are looking for a description of the bones, not "finding". Eliminate
(B) I believe to be correct. Bones is properly modified.
(C) "That" is a singular modifier that is mean to modify bones. Number issues. Eliminate
(D) Wrong for same reasons as B
(E) Which is a correct modifier; however, "is" is a singular verb associated with the plural "bones". Number issues. Incorrect.
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IMO B is best among others. Please provide official answer.
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Experts, Please reply with your thoughts.
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Experts, Please reply with your thoughts.

In their original forms, all the options were incorrect. I have modified option C - C is correct now.

A. Wrong. Some guides mention that comma + present participle refers to the whole previous clause, but it is essentially a verb modifier referring the main verb of the previous clause. Here "proving..." refers to the verb "found" - this meaning is incorrect. The finding was not proven to be an ancient bison.

B. Wrong. The pronoun "those" is incorrect - "those / that" creates a new copy of a noun already used. ( My books is older than those of yours - "those" is new copy of the "books"). In the subject sentence no new copy is required and hence the pronoun "those" is wrong.

C. Correct

D. Wrong. Same reason as A

E. Wrong. Same reason as B. Moreover the verb "is" does not agree with plural "which" ("bones").
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