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20 Apr 2020, 09:07
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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
87% (02:49) correct
13%
(03:11) wrong
based on 341
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
85% (00:50) correct 15%
(01:18) wrong
based on 352
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
75% (01:05) correct 25%
(01:12) wrong
based on 362
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
68% (01:13) correct 32%
(01:17) wrong
based on 142
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
The first successful method of making steel in quantity was invented almost simultaneously by an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, and by an American ironmaster, William Kelly. In the mid-1850s, Bessemer and Kelly independently hit upon the idea of blowing a blast of air through molten iron, thus removing excess carbon that differentiates iron from steel. Kelly may have come up with the idea first, but fame and fortune fell to Bessemer, for the Bessemer process was the one that caught on. After the Bessemer process came into use, it became possible to produce a much larger volume of steel at a much lower price than previously. The old puddling process of iron making, for example, could produce 500 pounds of steel in three to five hours. The Bessemer converter could produce five tons of steel in half an hour. But the Bessemer process was not the complete answer. At the outset, for instance, it could not make use of highly phosphoric ores. Technological improvements were made through the years, however, and the Bessemer process became a principal factor in the tremendous increase in steel production after the Civil War. It was used very extensively in the manufacture of steel rails, which provided the chief impetus for steelmaking during this period.
A second significant development in steelmaking was the introduction of the open-hearth process developed by William and Friedrich Siemens, Germans working in England, and Emile and Pierre Martin, working in France. The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore. An open-hearth charge required more time than a Bessemer charge, but this longer length of time permitted steelmakers to sample the charge and adjust its composition to more exacting requirements. The open-hearth process also could make use of low-grade coal – bituminous coal – rather than anthracite. As a result, by 1909 more steel was being made by the open-hearth process than by the Bessemer process – 14.5 million tons by open-heart to 9.3 million by Bessemer. The gap continued to widen throughout the years, to the point where, in 1945, only 3.8 million tons of steel were produced by Bessemer, as against 64 million by the open-hearth process. Today no Bessemer steel is produced in America, and only a small amount of America’s steel output is made by the open-hearth process.
A second significant development in steelmaking was the introduction of the open-hearth process developed by William and Friedrich Siemens, Germans working in England, and Emile and Pierre Martin, working in France. The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore. An open-hearth charge required more time than a Bessemer charge, but this longer length of time permitted steelmakers to sample the charge and adjust its composition to more exacting requirements. The open-hearth process also could make use of low-grade coal – bituminous coal – rather than anthracite. As a result, by 1909 more steel was being made by the open-hearth process than by the Bessemer process – 14.5 million tons by open-heart to 9.3 million by Bessemer. The gap continued to widen throughout the years, to the point where, in 1945, only 3.8 million tons of steel were produced by Bessemer, as against 64 million by the open-hearth process. Today no Bessemer steel is produced in America, and only a small amount of America’s steel output is made by the open-hearth process.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
A. Highlight the importance of the steel industry in the development of the American economy.
B. Demonstrate the superiority of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process.
C Discuss two important developments in the history of the American steel industry.
D. Detail the process by which iron ore can be made into steel.
E. Argue that steel is a far superior metal to wrought or cast iron.
A. Highlight the importance of the steel industry in the development of the American economy.
B. Demonstrate the superiority of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process.
C Discuss two important developments in the history of the American steel industry.
D. Detail the process by which iron ore can be made into steel.
E. Argue that steel is a far superior metal to wrought or cast iron.
2. According to the passage, which of the following indicates a difference between iron and steel?
A. Iron is too expensive to produce to be a viable replacement for steel.
B. Steel is more carbon-rich than iron.
C. Iron is too brittle to be used for anything other than cutlery and some tools.
D. Steel can be produced from more phosphorous ores than can iron.
E. Iron contains carbon in higher amounts than steel does.
A. Iron is too expensive to produce to be a viable replacement for steel.
B. Steel is more carbon-rich than iron.
C. Iron is too brittle to be used for anything other than cutlery and some tools.
D. Steel can be produced from more phosphorous ores than can iron.
E. Iron contains carbon in higher amounts than steel does.
3. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process?
A. It reduced the time necessary to create steel from ore and scrap metal.
B. It was able to produce higher volumes of steel.
C. It was able to make use of highly phosphoric ores.
D. It could work with a wider variety of raw materials.
E. It could produce up to ten tons of steel per hour.
A. It reduced the time necessary to create steel from ore and scrap metal.
B. It was able to produce higher volumes of steel.
C. It was able to make use of highly phosphoric ores.
D. It could work with a wider variety of raw materials.
E. It could produce up to ten tons of steel per hour.
In paragraph 2, the author notes that the longer period of time that it takes for an open-hearth charge (versus a Bessemer charge) allows metalworkers to make the steel to more specific requirements, providing an advantage for that process. So C is correct. Choice A is close but cannot be proven – the author does mention that Bessemer received more accolades and wealth, but stops short of noting whether he felt Kelly deserved any more. Choice B is also incorrect, as the author notes that even the open-hearth method has been losing usership. Choice D is incorrect – the Civil War is mentioned, but that’s it. And choice E may well be true but is not at all mentioned by the author.
A. William Kelly deserved more fame and financial reward than he received.
B. The open-hearth process is the ideal process for making steel.
C. The fact that the open-hearth method was more time-consuming than the Bessemer process provided an advantage.
D. The effectiveness of the Bessemer process was a major factor in the outcome of the American Civil War.
E. For any new steelmaking procedure to be effective, it will need to be able to make use of a wider variety of metals than can the open-hearth process.
shameekv1989
GMAT 3: 720 Q50 V38
Posts: 816
20 Apr 2020, 09:54
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Hello guys, I think it would be a good idea if we post our respective timings as well so that we can understand the average time taken by the group for our reference and improve as a group.
Assumption :- by posting timings and comparing it with yours give a better understanding of where you are compared to the group and trigger a feeling to improve further.
(3:29)
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
a) Highlight the importance of the steel industry in the development of the American economy. It was just one point the author made, though not the central idea of the passage
b) Demonstrate the superiority of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process. He introduced 2 processes, though not to demonstrate the superiority of one over other
c) Discuss two important developments in the history of the American steel industry.Correct - He discusses 2 processes "Bessemer" and "Open-hearth" and how they helped American steel industry create more steel as compared to the past
d) Detail the process by which iron ore can be made into steel. The author hasn't detailed the processes as such, just gave a basic idea of the processes
e) Argue that steel is a far superior metal to wrought or cast iron. No, he never mentioned steel is superior as such, just mentioned that iron is used in the making of steel
Answer - C
(1:48)
2. According to the passage, which of the following indicates a difference between iron and steel?
a) Iron is too expensive to produce to be a viable replacement for steel.
b) Steel is more carbon-rich than iron.
c) Iron is too brittle to be used for anything other than cutlery and some tools.
d) Steel can be produced from more phosphorous ores than can iron.
e) Iron contains carbon in higher amounts than steel does. - Correct - "the idea of blowing a blast of air through molten iron, thus removing excess carbon that differentiates iron from steel." - this suggests that iron has more carbon and excess carbon is removed to form steel.
Answer - E
(1:33)
3. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process?
a) It reduced the time necessary to create steel from ore and scrap metal. Nowhere mentioned in the passage
b) It was able to produce higher volumes of steel. - The process wasn't able to produce higher volumes as compared to other processes, as a result of open-hearth being economical, industries started using open-hearth process more and thus resulted in higher volumes
c) It was able to make use of highly phosphoric ores. - Bessemer could not make use of phosphoric ores only at the outset, though may be it could later with the improvements - " At the outset, for instance, it could not make use of highly phosphoric ores."
d) It could work with a wider variety of raw materials. - Correct - As mentioned, "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore."open-hearth process could start using scrap iron as well which Bessemer wasn't able to.
e) It could produce up to ten tons of steel per hour. - Nowhere mentioned in the passage
Answer - D
Total time - 6:50
Assumption :- by posting timings and comparing it with yours give a better understanding of where you are compared to the group and trigger a feeling to improve further.
(3:29)
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
a) Highlight the importance of the steel industry in the development of the American economy. It was just one point the author made, though not the central idea of the passage
b) Demonstrate the superiority of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process. He introduced 2 processes, though not to demonstrate the superiority of one over other
c) Discuss two important developments in the history of the American steel industry.Correct - He discusses 2 processes "Bessemer" and "Open-hearth" and how they helped American steel industry create more steel as compared to the past
d) Detail the process by which iron ore can be made into steel. The author hasn't detailed the processes as such, just gave a basic idea of the processes
e) Argue that steel is a far superior metal to wrought or cast iron. No, he never mentioned steel is superior as such, just mentioned that iron is used in the making of steel
Answer - C
(1:48)
2. According to the passage, which of the following indicates a difference between iron and steel?
a) Iron is too expensive to produce to be a viable replacement for steel.
b) Steel is more carbon-rich than iron.
c) Iron is too brittle to be used for anything other than cutlery and some tools.
d) Steel can be produced from more phosphorous ores than can iron.
e) Iron contains carbon in higher amounts than steel does. - Correct - "the idea of blowing a blast of air through molten iron, thus removing excess carbon that differentiates iron from steel." - this suggests that iron has more carbon and excess carbon is removed to form steel.
Answer - E
(1:33)
3. According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of the open-hearth process over the Bessemer process?
a) It reduced the time necessary to create steel from ore and scrap metal. Nowhere mentioned in the passage
b) It was able to produce higher volumes of steel. - The process wasn't able to produce higher volumes as compared to other processes, as a result of open-hearth being economical, industries started using open-hearth process more and thus resulted in higher volumes
c) It was able to make use of highly phosphoric ores. - Bessemer could not make use of phosphoric ores only at the outset, though may be it could later with the improvements - " At the outset, for instance, it could not make use of highly phosphoric ores."
d) It could work with a wider variety of raw materials. - Correct - As mentioned, "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore."open-hearth process could start using scrap iron as well which Bessemer wasn't able to.
e) It could produce up to ten tons of steel per hour. - Nowhere mentioned in the passage
Answer - D
Total time - 6:50
29 Aug 2021, 03:40
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I found that there is no explanation for Question 4
Let me try
4. The author is most likely to agree with which of the following statements:
a) William Kelly deserved more fame and financial reward than he received.
-Incorrect: "Kelly may have come up with the idea first, but fame and fortune fell to Bessemer, for the Bessemer process was the one that caught on." it is possible that Kelly may gain some fame or financial reward for his idea, but there is no supporting evidence why he deserved more.
b) The open-hearth process is the ideal process for making steel.
-Incorrect: This answer is too extreme, It just said that "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process." and there is evidence that "only a small amount of America’s steel output is made by the open-hearth process.", so it is clear that The open-hearth process is NOT the ideal process
c) The fact that the open-hearth method was more time-consuming than the Bessemer process provided an advantage.
-Correct: "An open-hearth charge required more time than a Bessemer charge, but this longer length of time permitted steelmakers to sample the charge and adjust its composition to more exacting requirements."
d) The effectiveness of the Bessemer process was a major factor in the outcome of the American Civil War.
-Incorrect: "the Bessemer process became a principal factor in the tremendous increase in steel production after the Civil War.". It just said that the Bessemer process help to increase steel production, it mentioned nothing about the outcome of the American Civil War.
e) For any new steelmaking procedure to be effective, it will need to be able to make use of a wider variety of metals than can the open-hearth process.
-Incorrect: "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore." . It just said that making use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore give the open-hearth process an advantage, but it didn't mention anything about what would happen if we made use of a wider variety of metals than can the open-hearth process.
Let me try
4. The author is most likely to agree with which of the following statements:
a) William Kelly deserved more fame and financial reward than he received.
-Incorrect: "Kelly may have come up with the idea first, but fame and fortune fell to Bessemer, for the Bessemer process was the one that caught on." it is possible that Kelly may gain some fame or financial reward for his idea, but there is no supporting evidence why he deserved more.
b) The open-hearth process is the ideal process for making steel.
-Incorrect: This answer is too extreme, It just said that "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process." and there is evidence that "only a small amount of America’s steel output is made by the open-hearth process.", so it is clear that The open-hearth process is NOT the ideal process
c) The fact that the open-hearth method was more time-consuming than the Bessemer process provided an advantage.
-Correct: "An open-hearth charge required more time than a Bessemer charge, but this longer length of time permitted steelmakers to sample the charge and adjust its composition to more exacting requirements."
d) The effectiveness of the Bessemer process was a major factor in the outcome of the American Civil War.
-Incorrect: "the Bessemer process became a principal factor in the tremendous increase in steel production after the Civil War.". It just said that the Bessemer process help to increase steel production, it mentioned nothing about the outcome of the American Civil War.
e) For any new steelmaking procedure to be effective, it will need to be able to make use of a wider variety of metals than can the open-hearth process.
-Incorrect: "The open-hearth process was more economical than the Bessemer process. It could make use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore." . It just said that making use of scrap iron and all varieties of ore give the open-hearth process an advantage, but it didn't mention anything about what would happen if we made use of a wider variety of metals than can the open-hearth process.
