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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
66% (03:08) correct
34%
(02:55) wrong
based on 261
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
34% (01:35) correct 66%
(01:44) wrong
based on 328
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
67% (01:39) correct 33%
(02:04) wrong
based on 310
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
83% (00:55) correct 17%
(01:15) wrong
based on 292
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
74% (01:07) correct 26%
(01:14) wrong
based on 297
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
67% (01:00) correct 33%
(01:10) wrong
based on 293
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 7
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
70% (01:28) correct 30%
(01:22) wrong
based on 282
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 8
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
53% (01:09) correct 47%
(01:20) wrong
based on 285
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
The first thing any embryo must do before it can
develop into an organism is establish early polarity—
that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top
from its bottom and its back from its front. The
(5) mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial
configurations in an embryo are far less similar across
life forms than those relied on for later development,
as in the formation of limbs or a nervous system: for
example, the signals that the developing fruit fly uses
(10) to know its front end from its back end turn out to be
radically different from those that the nematode, a
type of worm, relies on, and both appear to be quite
different from the polarity signals in the development
of humans and other mammals.
(15) In the fruit fly, polarity is established by signals
inscribed in the yolklike cytoplasm of the egg before
fertilization, so that when the sperm contributes its
genetic material, everything is already set to go.
Given all the positional information that must be
(20) distributed throughout the cell, it takes a fruit fly a
week to make an egg, but once that well-appointed
egg is fertilized, it is transformed from a single cell
into a crawling larva in a day. By contrast, in the
embryonic development of certain nematodes, the
(25) point where the sperm enters the egg appears to
provide crucial positional information. Once that
information is present, little bundles of proteins called
p-granules, initially distributed uniformly throughout
the cytoplasm, begin to congregate at one end of the
(30) yolk; when the fertilized egg divides, one of the
resulting cells gets all the p-granules. The presence or
absence of these granules in cells appears to help
determine whether their subsequent divisions will
lead to the formation of the worm’s front or back
(35) half. A similar sperm-driven mechanism is also
thought to establish body orientation in some
comparatively simple vertebrates such as frogs,
though apparently not in more complex vertebrates
such as mammals. Research indicates that in human
(40) and other mammalian embryos, polarity develops
much later, as many stages of cell division occur with
no apparent asymmetries among cells. Yet how
polarity is established in mammals is currently a
tempting mystery to researchers.
(45) Once an embryo establishes polarity, it relies on
sets of essential genes that are remarkably similar
among all life forms for elaboration of its parts.
There is an astonishing conservation of mechanism in
this process: the genes that help make eyes in flies
(50) are similar to the genes that make eyes in mice or
humans. So a seeming paradox arises: when embryos
of different species are at the one- or few-cell stage
and still appear almost identical, the mechanisms of
development they use are vastly different; yet when
(55) they start growing brains or extremities and become
identifiable as distinct species, the developmental
mechanisms they use are remarkably similar.
develop into an organism is establish early polarity—
that is, it must set up a way to distinguish its top
from its bottom and its back from its front. The
(5) mechanisms that establish the earliest spatial
configurations in an embryo are far less similar across
life forms than those relied on for later development,
as in the formation of limbs or a nervous system: for
example, the signals that the developing fruit fly uses
(10) to know its front end from its back end turn out to be
radically different from those that the nematode, a
type of worm, relies on, and both appear to be quite
different from the polarity signals in the development
of humans and other mammals.
(15) In the fruit fly, polarity is established by signals
inscribed in the yolklike cytoplasm of the egg before
fertilization, so that when the sperm contributes its
genetic material, everything is already set to go.
Given all the positional information that must be
(20) distributed throughout the cell, it takes a fruit fly a
week to make an egg, but once that well-appointed
egg is fertilized, it is transformed from a single cell
into a crawling larva in a day. By contrast, in the
embryonic development of certain nematodes, the
(25) point where the sperm enters the egg appears to
provide crucial positional information. Once that
information is present, little bundles of proteins called
p-granules, initially distributed uniformly throughout
the cytoplasm, begin to congregate at one end of the
(30) yolk; when the fertilized egg divides, one of the
resulting cells gets all the p-granules. The presence or
absence of these granules in cells appears to help
determine whether their subsequent divisions will
lead to the formation of the worm’s front or back
(35) half. A similar sperm-driven mechanism is also
thought to establish body orientation in some
comparatively simple vertebrates such as frogs,
though apparently not in more complex vertebrates
such as mammals. Research indicates that in human
(40) and other mammalian embryos, polarity develops
much later, as many stages of cell division occur with
no apparent asymmetries among cells. Yet how
polarity is established in mammals is currently a
tempting mystery to researchers.
(45) Once an embryo establishes polarity, it relies on
sets of essential genes that are remarkably similar
among all life forms for elaboration of its parts.
There is an astonishing conservation of mechanism in
this process: the genes that help make eyes in flies
(50) are similar to the genes that make eyes in mice or
humans. So a seeming paradox arises: when embryos
of different species are at the one- or few-cell stage
and still appear almost identical, the mechanisms of
development they use are vastly different; yet when
(55) they start growing brains or extremities and become
identifiable as distinct species, the developmental
mechanisms they use are remarkably similar.
1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
(A) Species differ more in the mechanisms that determine the spatial orientation in an embryo than they do in their overall genetic makeup.
(B) Embryos determine their front from their back and top from bottom by different methods, depending on whether the organism is simple or more complex.
(C) While very similar genes help determine the later embryonic development of all organisms, the genetic mechanisms by which embryos establish early polarity vary dramatically from one organism to the next.
(D) The mechanisms by which embryos establish early polarity differ depending on whether the signals by which polarity is achieved are inscribed in the cytoplasm of the egg or the p-granules of the sperm.
(E) Despite their apparent dissimilarity from species to species, the means by which organisms establish polarity rely on essentially the same genetic mechanisms.
(A) Species differ more in the mechanisms that determine the spatial orientation in an embryo than they do in their overall genetic makeup.
(B) Embryos determine their front from their back and top from bottom by different methods, depending on whether the organism is simple or more complex.
(C) While very similar genes help determine the later embryonic development of all organisms, the genetic mechanisms by which embryos establish early polarity vary dramatically from one organism to the next.
(D) The mechanisms by which embryos establish early polarity differ depending on whether the signals by which polarity is achieved are inscribed in the cytoplasm of the egg or the p-granules of the sperm.
(E) Despite their apparent dissimilarity from species to species, the means by which organisms establish polarity rely on essentially the same genetic mechanisms.
2. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
(A) The simpler the organism, the greater the speed at which it develops from fertilized egg to embryo.
(B) Scientists have determined how polarity is established in most simple vertebrates.
(C) Scientists will try to determine how polarity is established in humans.
(D) Very few observations of embryonic development after polarity is established are generalizable to more than a single species.
(E) Simpler organisms take longer to establish polarity than do more complex organisms.
(A) The simpler the organism, the greater the speed at which it develops from fertilized egg to embryo.
(B) Scientists have determined how polarity is established in most simple vertebrates.
(C) Scientists will try to determine how polarity is established in humans.
(D) Very few observations of embryonic development after polarity is established are generalizable to more than a single species.
(E) Simpler organisms take longer to establish polarity than do more complex organisms.
3. The passage provides information to suggest that which one of the following relationships exists between the development of humans and the development of fruit flies?
(A) Since humans and fruit flies use similar genetic material in their development, analogies from fruit fly behavior can be useful in explaining human behavior.
(B) For the elaboration of parts, human development relies on genetic material quite different in nature, though not in quantity, from that of a fruit fly.
(C) Positional information for establishing polarity in a human embryo, as in that of the fruit fly, is distributed throughout the egg prior to fertilization.
(D) A study of the development of the fruit fly’s visual system would more likely be applicable to questions of human development than would a study of the mechanisms that establish the fruit fly’s polarity.
(E) While the fruit fly egg becomes a larva in a single day, a human embryo takes significantly longer to develop because humans cannot develop limbs until they have established a nervous system.
(A) Since humans and fruit flies use similar genetic material in their development, analogies from fruit fly behavior can be useful in explaining human behavior.
(B) For the elaboration of parts, human development relies on genetic material quite different in nature, though not in quantity, from that of a fruit fly.
(C) Positional information for establishing polarity in a human embryo, as in that of the fruit fly, is distributed throughout the egg prior to fertilization.
(D) A study of the development of the fruit fly’s visual system would more likely be applicable to questions of human development than would a study of the mechanisms that establish the fruit fly’s polarity.
(E) While the fruit fly egg becomes a larva in a single day, a human embryo takes significantly longer to develop because humans cannot develop limbs until they have established a nervous system.
4. According to the passage, polarity is established in a human embryo
(A) after more stages of cell division than in frogs
(B) before the sperm enters the egg
(C) after positional information is provided by the massing of p-granules
(D) by the same sperm-driven mechanism as in the nematode
(E) in the same way as in simpler vertebrates
(A) after more stages of cell division than in frogs
(B) before the sperm enters the egg
(C) after positional information is provided by the massing of p-granules
(D) by the same sperm-driven mechanism as in the nematode
(E) in the same way as in simpler vertebrates
5. By “conservation of mechanism” (line 48) the author is probably referring to
(A) how the same mechanism can be used to form different parts of the same organism
(B) the fact that no genetic material is wasted in development
(C) how few genes a given organism requires in order to elaborate its parts
(D) a highly complex organism’s requiring no more genetic material than a simpler one
(E) the fact that analogous structures in different species are brought about by similar genetic means
(A) how the same mechanism can be used to form different parts of the same organism
(B) the fact that no genetic material is wasted in development
(C) how few genes a given organism requires in order to elaborate its parts
(D) a highly complex organism’s requiring no more genetic material than a simpler one
(E) the fact that analogous structures in different species are brought about by similar genetic means
6. Which one of the following most accurately states the main purpose of the second paragraph?
(A) to illustrate the diversity of processes by which organisms establish early polarity
(B) to elaborate on the differences between embryonic formation in the fruit fly and in the nematode
(C) to suggest why the process of establishing early polarity in humans is not yet understood
(D) to demonstrate the significance and necessity for genetic development of establishing polarity
(E) to demonstrate that there are two main types of mechanism by which early polarity is established
(A) to illustrate the diversity of processes by which organisms establish early polarity
(B) to elaborate on the differences between embryonic formation in the fruit fly and in the nematode
(C) to suggest why the process of establishing early polarity in humans is not yet understood
(D) to demonstrate the significance and necessity for genetic development of establishing polarity
(E) to demonstrate that there are two main types of mechanism by which early polarity is established
7. According to the passage, which one of the following is a major difference between the establishment of polarity in the fruit fly and in the nematode?
(A) The fruit fly embryo takes longer to establish polarity than does the nematode embryo.
(B) The mechanisms that establish polarity are more easily identifiable in the nematode than in the fruit fly.
(C) Polarity signals for the fruit fly embryo are inscribed entirely in the egg and these signals for the nematode embryo are inscribed entirely in the sperm.
(D) Polarity in the fruit fly takes more stages of cell division to become established than in the nematode.
(E) Polarity is established for the fruit fly before fertilization and for the nematode through fertilization.
(A) The fruit fly embryo takes longer to establish polarity than does the nematode embryo.
(B) The mechanisms that establish polarity are more easily identifiable in the nematode than in the fruit fly.
(C) Polarity signals for the fruit fly embryo are inscribed entirely in the egg and these signals for the nematode embryo are inscribed entirely in the sperm.
(D) Polarity in the fruit fly takes more stages of cell division to become established than in the nematode.
(E) Polarity is established for the fruit fly before fertilization and for the nematode through fertilization.
8. The author’s primary purpose in the passage is to
(A) articulate a theory of how early polarity is established and support the theory by an analysis of data
(B) describe a phase in the development of organisms in which the genetic mechanisms used are disparate and discuss why this disparity is surprising
(C) provide a classification of the mechanisms by which different life forms establish early polarity
(D) argue that a certain genetic process must occur in all life forms, regardless of their apparent dissimilarity
(E) explain why an embryo must establish early polarity before it can develop into an organism
(A) articulate a theory of how early polarity is established and support the theory by an analysis of data
(B) describe a phase in the development of organisms in which the genetic mechanisms used are disparate and discuss why this disparity is surprising
(C) provide a classification of the mechanisms by which different life forms establish early polarity
(D) argue that a certain genetic process must occur in all life forms, regardless of their apparent dissimilarity
(E) explain why an embryo must establish early polarity before it can develop into an organism
30 Sep 2021, 19:05
Kudos
Bookmarks
In question 5, why is D wrong? I was torn between option D and E, but I chose D because conservation is about quantity and D explicitly points that out.
Passage:
The fact that a complex creature such as a human doesn't need more genes to make eyes than would be required to make eyes in flies.
What am I missing ?
Quote:
Passage:
Quote:
The fact that a complex creature such as a human doesn't need more genes to make eyes than would be required to make eyes in flies.
What am I missing ?
30 Sep 2021, 19:56
Kudos
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I took 14:30 minutes to solve all 8 and got the last question wrong.
How can I rate this speed and is there a necessity to speed up ?
Posted from my mobile device
How can I rate this speed and is there a necessity to speed up ?
Posted from my mobile device
