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16 Sep 2014, 02:00
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When scientists discuss the point in the evolutionary process at which a sense of fairness arose in human beings, one of two theories generally prevails. The first theory holds that a sense of fairness – or, more generally, morality – is a late and mostly intellectual addition to the evolutionary process. In this view morality is defined as a set of rules agreed upon by a society, permitting human beings to “rise above” the raw violence and competition found in “nature.” In certain circles this idea is known as “veneer theory,” because it posits human morality as a thin crust on a violently churning interior.
The second theory, by contrast, does not set nature and morality in direct opposition, but rather holds a sense of fairness to be as much a part of human “nature” as violence and competition. Advocates of this theory most often appeal to the behavior of other primates to argue that humans possess an innate sense of fairness common to other species of a shared evolutionary past. Orangutans, for example, have been observed to throw temper tantrums when teased by being shown an apple they are not allowed to have. Experiments with monkeys offering them two kinds of rewards for performing simple tasks have shown that they will refuse the less-preferred reward if they see their companions receiving the preferred reward for performing the same task.
According to the passage, which of the following is evidence that the development of a sense of fairness occurred early in the evolution of human beings?
A. History shows that violence and competition have not been a significant part of human behavior.
B. Societies establish laws designed to enforce agreed-upon ideals of fairness, and to protect members from violence.
C. Observation demonstrates that this sense is shared by other primates such as orangutans and monkeys.
D. Orangutans became visibly upset when they were unfairly denied something they wanted.
E. Experiments involving monkeys prove that primates feel entitled to rewards when they have successfully completed simple tasks.
The second theory, by contrast, does not set nature and morality in direct opposition, but rather holds a sense of fairness to be as much a part of human “nature” as violence and competition. Advocates of this theory most often appeal to the behavior of other primates to argue that humans possess an innate sense of fairness common to other species of a shared evolutionary past. Orangutans, for example, have been observed to throw temper tantrums when teased by being shown an apple they are not allowed to have. Experiments with monkeys offering them two kinds of rewards for performing simple tasks have shown that they will refuse the less-preferred reward if they see their companions receiving the preferred reward for performing the same task.
According to the passage, which of the following is evidence that the development of a sense of fairness occurred early in the evolution of human beings?
A. History shows that violence and competition have not been a significant part of human behavior.
B. Societies establish laws designed to enforce agreed-upon ideals of fairness, and to protect members from violence.
C. Observation demonstrates that this sense is shared by other primates such as orangutans and monkeys.
D. Orangutans became visibly upset when they were unfairly denied something they wanted.
E. Experiments involving monkeys prove that primates feel entitled to rewards when they have successfully completed simple tasks.
16 Sep 2014, 02:00
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Official Solution:
When scientists discuss the point in the evolutionary process at which a sense of fairness arose in human beings, one of two theories generally prevails. The first theory holds that a sense of fairness – or, more generally, morality – is a late and mostly intellectual addition to the evolutionary process. In this view morality is defined as a set of rules agreed upon by a society, permitting human beings to “rise above” the raw violence and competition found in “nature.” In certain circles this idea is known as “veneer theory,” because it posits human morality as a thin crust on a violently churning interior.
The second theory, by contrast, does not set nature and morality in direct opposition, but rather holds a sense of fairness to be as much a part of human “nature” as violence and competition. Advocates of this theory most often appeal to the behavior of other primates to argue that humans possess an innate sense of fairness common to other species of a shared evolutionary past. Orangutans, for example, have been observed to throw temper tantrums when teased by being shown an apple they are not allowed to have. Experiments with monkeys offering them two kinds of rewards for performing simple tasks have shown that they will refuse the less-preferred reward if they see their companions receiving the preferred reward for performing the same task.
According to the passage, which of the following is evidence that the development of a sense of fairness occurred early in the evolution of human beings?
A. History shows that violence and competition have not been a significant part of human behavior.
B. Societies establish laws designed to enforce agreed-upon ideals of fairness, and to protect members from violence.
C. Observation demonstrates that this sense is shared by other primates such as orangutans and monkeys.
D. Orangutans became visibly upset when they were unfairly denied something they wanted.
E. Experiments involving monkeys prove that primates feel entitled to rewards when they have successfully completed simple tasks.
This question is based on information stated explicitly in the passage. More specifically, this information will be found in the second paragraph, where the theory arguing that a sense of fairness was an early evolutionary development is discussed. The discussion of this theory assumes that all primates share a common evolutionary ancestor; the examples involving orangutans and monkeys provide evidence that a sense of fairness evolved very early, before the species had even differentiated.
Answer: C
When scientists discuss the point in the evolutionary process at which a sense of fairness arose in human beings, one of two theories generally prevails. The first theory holds that a sense of fairness – or, more generally, morality – is a late and mostly intellectual addition to the evolutionary process. In this view morality is defined as a set of rules agreed upon by a society, permitting human beings to “rise above” the raw violence and competition found in “nature.” In certain circles this idea is known as “veneer theory,” because it posits human morality as a thin crust on a violently churning interior.
The second theory, by contrast, does not set nature and morality in direct opposition, but rather holds a sense of fairness to be as much a part of human “nature” as violence and competition. Advocates of this theory most often appeal to the behavior of other primates to argue that humans possess an innate sense of fairness common to other species of a shared evolutionary past. Orangutans, for example, have been observed to throw temper tantrums when teased by being shown an apple they are not allowed to have. Experiments with monkeys offering them two kinds of rewards for performing simple tasks have shown that they will refuse the less-preferred reward if they see their companions receiving the preferred reward for performing the same task.
According to the passage, which of the following is evidence that the development of a sense of fairness occurred early in the evolution of human beings?
A. History shows that violence and competition have not been a significant part of human behavior.
B. Societies establish laws designed to enforce agreed-upon ideals of fairness, and to protect members from violence.
C. Observation demonstrates that this sense is shared by other primates such as orangutans and monkeys.
D. Orangutans became visibly upset when they were unfairly denied something they wanted.
E. Experiments involving monkeys prove that primates feel entitled to rewards when they have successfully completed simple tasks.
This question is based on information stated explicitly in the passage. More specifically, this information will be found in the second paragraph, where the theory arguing that a sense of fairness was an early evolutionary development is discussed. The discussion of this theory assumes that all primates share a common evolutionary ancestor; the examples involving orangutans and monkeys provide evidence that a sense of fairness evolved very early, before the species had even differentiated.
- This statement is outside the scope of the passage, which does not discuss the role of violence and competition in history.
- This idea appears in the passage as part of the discussion of veneer theory, which argues that morality is a late development in human evolution.
- This option correctly identifies the purpose of the examples involving orangutans and monkeys in the second paragraph: to prove that a sense of fairness developed early in human evolution, before primate species had differentiated.
- This option is too narrow and concerns only orangutans, not humans.
- This sentence, though drawn from the passage, does not directly address the question of the evolutionary timing of a sense of fairness in human beings.
Answer: C
13 Oct 2016, 06:38
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I don't agree with the explanation. I think the second theory argues that fairness is an innate characteristic, not one that was acquired earlier rather than later. The option B is only discussing the timing of when in the evolutionary process, fairness was acquired by humans. But the second theory states it wasn't a product of evolution at all. Is my understanding correct? Please correct me where needed
