| Critical Reasoning Butler: May 2025 |
| May 15 | CR 1 | CR 2 |
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CR 1 The ancient Spartans relied on conquest far more than did citizens of other, similarly sized Greek cities. Historians have hypothesized that
it was a paucity of agricultural resources that drove the Spartans to subjugate so much foreign territory. This hypothesis is difficult to confirm directly, as sufficiently detailed records of Spartan agricultural output did not survive the medieval periods. However, careful comparison between the pattern of Sparta’s conquests and climate records kept by nearby civilizations show that
the Spartans launched a higher number of military campaigns during years when regional agriculture suffered due to inclement weather. This indicates that there is some merit to the hypothesis.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first presents an explanatory hypothesis; the second states the argument’s main conclusion.
B. The first presents an explanatory hypothesis; the second presents evidence in order to support an alternative explanation.
C. The first presents an explanatory hypothesis; the second presents evidence that tends to support this hypothesis.
D. The first describes a position opposed by the argument; the second presents evidence to undermine the support for the opposed position.
E. The first describes a position opposed by the argument; the second states the argument’s main conclusion.
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CR 2 A software has been designed to help nuclear power plants determine the necessity of an emergency shutdown, in the event of a drop in coolant pressure by analyzing the drop and comparing it against a database of 10,000 simulated nuclear coolant failure scenarios. The software is meant to help nuclear power plant workers determine whether a disruption in the plant’s coolant flow is severe enough to lead to a meltdown, necessitating an emergency shutdown.
In order to assess the effectiveness of the software for its stated purpose, it would be most helpful to establish which of the following?
A. Whether the nuclear coolant failure scenario database will receive regular updates of new simulations.
B. Whether nuclear power plant workers routinely misjudge the severity of drops in coolant pressure.
C. Whether a significant number of nuclear safety professionals will vouch for the software.
D. Whether the database also includes simulations of scenarios wherein coolant flow is stable.
E. Whether the use of this software will enable nuclear power plant workers to make sound decisions regarding the necessity of an emergency shutdown, before a meltdown occurs.