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the author's argument i think here is that -----> the cross-functional teams are more innovative than single-depart teams b/c of exposure to first-hand mental models & problem solving heuristics being put into practice, which they actively see and engage with. i think the assumption is that mere presence of these mental models is not enough for cross-func teams being more innovative.

A) gives a separate benefit of cross -func teams which is higher communication. this is not relevant to this argument of benefit being higher innovation.
B) who is more likely to use cross-func teams has no relevance to the core argument of more innovation.
C) it weakens the argument b/c if we hold work exp & educ constant, then cross-func teams being same/or poor in innovation to same depart teams weakens the conclusion that active exposure to mental models & heuristics from other departs present in cross-func teams leads to more innovation in those teams.
D) single-depart teams being given briefings , which is passive & opposite of active involvement in problem solving heuristics & mental models, being no more innovative leads to believe that first-hand exposure & active involvement is key element of the higher innovation and not just mere presence of the mental models and problem solving heuristics. correct
E) gives alternate cause or reason in my opinion that the experience gained by working in multiple departs have led to higher innovation than exposure & active involvement to mental models & problem solving heuristics. if it mentioned that those who have worked in multiple departs previously have gained first-hand exposure to these these techniques is the reason that when they are put into teams, those teams are more innovative. then i would classify this as strengthener.
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As per the consultant there are certain traits that make the cross team functioning more innovative and productive due to the characteristics that are brought in by different background people. We need to find any one option that solidifies our understanding on this approach and helps us have more belief on the consultant's view.

As per the options, only E supports the view point extensively where it connects cross functional teams to being more innovative, which is the final conclusion of the consultant.

Ans - E
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A. The idea that cross-functional teams help people talk to each other from sections is true but the main topic is innovation not talking to each other. So it does not show how these teams are more creative.

B. It just says that companies that move fast use functional teams more often.. It does not prove that these teams are more creative because of the way they work.

C. This actually makes the argument weaker. It shows that cross-functional teams are not more innovative than teams that work in the department under the same conditions.

D. This is correct. It shows that just talking about what people're doing does not make people more creative. So the author is right when he says that what really matters is the experience of working with people from teams.

E. This sounds good. It does not answer the main question. It shows that people who have worked in departments can come up with new ideas but it does not say that talking to colleagues, in those departments is what really matters.

D
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Conclusion: Cross functional teams are more innovative than teams from single department.

A) Seems out of context. Talking about interdepartment communication rates, it hasn't been related to innovation in the passage. Eliminate.
B) This talks about other firms adapting/preferring cross functional teams. No relation. Eliminate.
C) This talks about performance not innovation. feels unrelated. Eliminate.
D) This feels like our answer. this says even when teams from single team given all the extra information like regular briefing and problem solving models and heuristics which are used in cross functional/other departments still they are not innovative as much as cross functional. Keep it and go ahead.
E) This talks about subjective individuals and compare them, which again feels not the exact point being discussed in the passage. So Eliminate.

D is the answer.
Bunuel
Consultant: Cross-functional project teams, those whose members are drawn from multiple departments, are consistently more innovative than teams whose members all work in a single department. Members of a cross-functional team gain firsthand experience using a broad range of mental models and problem-solving heuristics from outside their own department, while being afforded frequent opportunities to observe—and be observed by—colleagues with substantial expertise using those cognitive tools. It is these relationships, along with the breadth of exposure to the tools themselves, that equips the members of cross-functional teams to innovate more widely.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the consultant’s argument?

(A) Companies that regularly use cross-functional teams for product development report higher rates of interdepartmental communication, on average, than similarly structured companies that do not.

(B) Firms in industries characterized by rapid, frequently disruptive technological change are more likely to use cross-functional teams than are firms in industries that have evolved more gradually over time.

(C) On metrics that gauge innovation, teams drawn from multiple departments generally do not outperform single-department teams with a comparable breadth of combined educational and work experience.

(D) Teams drawn from a single department that are given regular briefings on problem-solving models and heuristics used in the employer’s other departments are no more innovative on average than teams from a single department that receive no such briefings.

(E) Teams made up of members who have previously worked in more than one of the employer’s departments are significantly more innovative than teams whose members have only worked in one such department.

 


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The consultant says cross-functional teams are more innovative because members get exposed to different ways of thinking and learn directly from colleagues with expertise in those approaches.

A doesn't really address the reason given. Better communication alone doesn't explain higher innovation. Eliminate
B is irrelevant. It tells us where cross-functional teams are used, not why they are more innovative. Eliminate
C goes against the argument. Eliminate
D sounds right imo. Just telling people about other departments' approaches doesn't improve innovation. That supports the idea that actually working with people from those departments is what makes the difference. Keep
E is tempting, but it's talking about employees who have worked in different departments, not cross-functional teams themselves. Eliminate

Ans : D
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A. Shows correlation between cross-departmental teams and communication but does not explain the innovation correlation
B. Shows when cross-department work together but does not explain why they are more innovative
C. Compares two teams while holding the experiential part constant which is a key part of the argument
D. This choice shows it is not the sharing of information that fuels innovation but working together with other teams hence correct
E. This choice although supportive does not rule out other possible explanations
Ans D
Bunuel
Consultant: Cross-functional project teams, those whose members are drawn from multiple departments, are consistently more innovative than teams whose members all work in a single department. Members of a cross-functional team gain firsthand experience using a broad range of mental models and problem-solving heuristics from outside their own department, while being afforded frequent opportunities to observe—and be observed by—colleagues with substantial expertise using those cognitive tools. It is these relationships, along with the breadth of exposure to the tools themselves, that equips the members of cross-functional teams to innovate more widely.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the consultant’s argument?

(A) Companies that regularly use cross-functional teams for product development report higher rates of interdepartmental communication, on average, than similarly structured companies that do not.

(B) Firms in industries characterized by rapid, frequently disruptive technological change are more likely to use cross-functional teams than are firms in industries that have evolved more gradually over time.

(C) On metrics that gauge innovation, teams drawn from multiple departments generally do not outperform single-department teams with a comparable breadth of combined educational and work experience.

(D) Teams drawn from a single department that are given regular briefings on problem-solving models and heuristics used in the employer’s other departments are no more innovative on average than teams from a single department that receive no such briefings.

(E) Teams made up of members who have previously worked in more than one of the employer’s departments are significantly more innovative than teams whose members have only worked in one such department.

 


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xcf gives exposure to other depts' thinking + observing experts.
this is what increases innovation.

a) more communication. doesn't prove that's why innovation increases

b) who uses xcf. irrelevant

c) weakens. says xcf isn't better

d) just learning heuristics through briefings doesn't improve innovation.
supports the idea that actual interaction with experts matter

e) people whove worked in multiple depts are more innovative.
directly supports that cross-department exposure incr innovation


ans: e


Bunuel
Consultant: Cross-functional project teams, those whose members are drawn from multiple departments, are consistently more innovative than teams whose members all work in a single department. Members of a cross-functional team gain firsthand experience using a broad range of mental models and problem-solving heuristics from outside their own department, while being afforded frequent opportunities to observe—and be observed by—colleagues with substantial expertise using those cognitive tools. It is these relationships, along with the breadth of exposure to the tools themselves, that equips the members of cross-functional teams to innovate more widely.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the consultant’s argument?

(A) Companies that regularly use cross-functional teams for product development report higher rates of interdepartmental communication, on average, than similarly structured companies that do not.

(B) Firms in industries characterized by rapid, frequently disruptive technological change are more likely to use cross-functional teams than are firms in industries that have evolved more gradually over time.

(C) On metrics that gauge innovation, teams drawn from multiple departments generally do not outperform single-department teams with a comparable breadth of combined educational and work experience.

(D) Teams drawn from a single department that are given regular briefings on problem-solving models and heuristics used in the employer’s other departments are no more innovative on average than teams from a single department that receive no such briefings.

(E) Teams made up of members who have previously worked in more than one of the employer’s departments are significantly more innovative than teams whose members have only worked in one such department.

 


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Option D - Teams drawn from single department...
This statement strengthens the argument the most as they are telling that certain practices can improve the innovation among teams and sharing cross functional tools , ideas if used on single team will be better than the team without

Why others are not the sol
A) This argument makes sense but we cannot conclude that communication is the the driving force of innovation so this is not the correct option
B) This argument is not telling us anything about innovation in teams rather it is focusing on cross functioning of teams
C) This argument weakens the statement as it is telling that cross functional teams does not do good in innovation scale
E) This argument can be taken but the statement does not tell us about any methods or reasons this can simply mean some members may be generally more talented than others so this is not correct
Bunuel
Consultant: Cross-functional project teams, those whose members are drawn from multiple departments, are consistently more innovative than teams whose members all work in a single department. Members of a cross-functional team gain firsthand experience using a broad range of mental models and problem-solving heuristics from outside their own department, while being afforded frequent opportunities to observe—and be observed by—colleagues with substantial expertise using those cognitive tools. It is these relationships, along with the breadth of exposure to the tools themselves, that equips the members of cross-functional teams to innovate more widely.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the consultant’s argument?

(A) Companies that regularly use cross-functional teams for product development report higher rates of interdepartmental communication, on average, than similarly structured companies that do not.

(B) Firms in industries characterized by rapid, frequently disruptive technological change are more likely to use cross-functional teams than are firms in industries that have evolved more gradually over time.

(C) On metrics that gauge innovation, teams drawn from multiple departments generally do not outperform single-department teams with a comparable breadth of combined educational and work experience.

(D) Teams drawn from a single department that are given regular briefings on problem-solving models and heuristics used in the employer’s other departments are no more innovative on average than teams from a single department that receive no such briefings.

(E) Teams made up of members who have previously worked in more than one of the employer’s departments are significantly more innovative than teams whose members have only worked in one such department.

 


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Cross fn. teams are more innovative. Cross fn. gain exp. in mm & ps from outside dep.
A. Not about innovation.
B. Its about who use cross fn. teams.
C. This weakens conclusion.
D. Teams from single department that are given regular briefings on ps & h are not more innovative than team from single dpt. that receive no such briefings. This eliminates possibility that briefings about other departments help in becoming more innovative. Then it must be cross functional team that become mode innovative because of working together. Strengthens the conclusion.....Correct
E. Previous work experience is irrelevant.

D
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Premises:
- Cross-functional team = members drawn from multiple departments
- Each member in the cross-functional team brings their expertise and heuristics.
- These differences make the team innovative.

Conclusion:
- A cross-functional team is more innovative than a normal team.

Pre-thinking: nothing other than each individual that makes the group more innovative.

A: The argument is about innovation through the individual's expertise and heuristics. This communication is out of scope.
B: I think this one is weakening; it points out that the firm environment causes the team to work across functions. Our statement is the other way around.
C: Weakening.
D: Weakening.
E: Yeah, this supports that exposing to multiple domains of problem-solving, one can be more innovative.

So, choice E.
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The question mentions consultant's claim and asks us to identify the option which strengthens the argument

Option A - This option seems incorrect since it mentions about the interdepartmental communication and does not provide information for strengthening the argument
Option B - This option is also not correct as it mentions the use of cross functional team
Option C - This option weakens the argument and hence is not correct
Option D - This option compares the team without cross functions and with cross functions and mentions which one is better hence this is correct
Option E - This option does not compare anything and just gives an opinion and hence is incorrect.

Correct Answer is Option D
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Premise given here is that cross functional teams are more innovative and they get first hand experience and broad range of mental models....
Conclusion says that these interactions and relationships make cross functional teams more innovative.

To be able to strengthen we need the options that supports the conclusion's cause that interactions an relationships are responsible for the same.

Evaluating Options:
A: Interdepartmental communication doesn't relates to innovation. (Incorrect).
B. Disruptive technological changes are more likely to use cross functional teams doesn't mentions anything about being innovative. (Incorrect)
C. Cross functional teams do not outperform similar teams is something of a weakener. It doesn't strengthens the argument. (Incorrect)
D. Teams considered from single teams that are given only briefings are no more innovative than teams that receive no such briefings. This supports the facts that exposure is not enough for innovation, experts interaction is needed. (Seems correct)
E. This arguement is somewhat of a strengthener but it doesn't talk at a team level and doesn't point out the exposure requirement while talking to experts point. I would call it a weak strengthener.

IMO Ans is D.

Bunuel
Consultant: Cross-functional project teams, those whose members are drawn from multiple departments, are consistently more innovative than teams whose members all work in a single department. Members of a cross-functional team gain firsthand experience using a broad range of mental models and problem-solving heuristics from outside their own department, while being afforded frequent opportunities to observe—and be observed by—colleagues with substantial expertise using those cognitive tools. It is these relationships, along with the breadth of exposure to the tools themselves, that equips the members of cross-functional teams to innovate more widely.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the consultant’s argument?

(A) Companies that regularly use cross-functional teams for product development report higher rates of interdepartmental communication, on average, than similarly structured companies that do not.

(B) Firms in industries characterized by rapid, frequently disruptive technological change are more likely to use cross-functional teams than are firms in industries that have evolved more gradually over time.

(C) On metrics that gauge innovation, teams drawn from multiple departments generally do not outperform single-department teams with a comparable breadth of combined educational and work experience.

(D) Teams drawn from a single department that are given regular briefings on problem-solving models and heuristics used in the employer’s other departments are no more innovative on average than teams from a single department that receive no such briefings.

(E) Teams made up of members who have previously worked in more than one of the employer’s departments are significantly more innovative than teams whose members have only worked in one such department.

 


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A More communication does not mean more innovation.

B This is about which companies use these teams, not why they work.

C This goes against the consultant's claim.

D Correct. It shows that just explaining other methods is not enough, people need to work with others directly.

E This helps, but it is not as strong as D because it is about past experience, not cross-functional teams.

IMO D
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So in the question here, there are primarily two criteria which are advanced for increased capacity of innovation by cross-functional teams:

i) The frequent movement and mobility working across different teams using various mental models;
ii) Being observed by Seniors and learning under their guidance using those cognitive tools.

Now having completed the Pre-thinking required to understand and solve this question, let us analyze the options:

A - This is not relevant. We are not on higher rates of interdepartmental connection or communication. We're on fostering innovation.
B - This option is a trap. It just says that Companies situated in innovation heavy industries are more likely to use cross-functional teams but they don't specifically answer the question of why innovation is prompted as a result of feedback by Seniors and using various mental models.
C - This is against the question. It weakens the scope and is irrelevant to what we are looking for.
D - CORRECT. This option clearly provides a Y/N parallel to test out the Consultant's argument. It clearly rules out that when mental models are used by cross functional teams vs. non-cross teams, then there is no large difference in innovation as such. But we are not on this point. We are on the point that using mental models + being observed by Seniors and receiving feedback.... both are essential for innovation and improvement. Therefore, the test clearly if implemented strengthens the Consultant's argument that it is both required for proving the same.
E - All this gives is a generic repetition of the argument itself. Yes we know that those that work across cross-functional teams are likely to be more innovative than those that remain fixed onto their silos. However, this doesn't advance the argument. It just projects it as coincidental and more likely.
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A It just shows more communication happens, not what causes the innovation.

B It says where these teams are used, not why they work better.

C This weakens the argument because the teams are not more innovative.

D Right answer. Simply learning the methods is not enough, direct interaction is what matters.

E It suggests varied experience helps, but it does not support the consultant's explanation as directly.

Answer D
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A This only mentions communication between departments, not the reason teams become more innovative.

B It explains where cross-functional teams are more common, but not why they produce better ideas.

C This actually hurts the argument because it says the teams are not more innovative.

D Correct answer. If presentations alone do not help, then the direct interaction described by the consultant is probably what makes the difference.

E This fits the consultant's idea, but it is weaker because it focuses on employees' past experience instead of teamwork itself.

The answer is D
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Understanding the logical chain:

The conclusion is that cross functional teams (members from different departments) are more innovative than single department teams (all members from same department)

The logical chain (Cause and effect relationship) - Cross functional team allows members to use a varied range of tools & techniques outside the department + a direct relationship with an their experts = More innovation than teams that do not have these two variables together (single department teams in this specific case)

Analyzing the answers:

A. Its a correlation between cross functional teams in PD and a higher rate of interdepartment communication - Incorrect because it does not strengthen the causal chain above. If only, it may suggest a reverse causal chain of cross functional team may lead to more communication between departments

B. Firms in industries with rapid innovation have a higher chance of using cross functional teams- Incorrect because again, it does not strengthen the causal relationship above. It suggests a correlation of firms that rapidly innovate may have cross functional teams but it does not establish that cross functional nature actually contributes to this fast innovation

C. Incorrect. This should weaken the argument because it provides the stats that cross functional teams do not perform better on innovation metrics than single department teams that have an overall wide range of education and experience- So, it actually directly attacks the logic by saying that even if single dept teams are provided with more knowledge and experience, they will do just as good

D. Correct- If single department teams were given the same knowledge of different tools and techniques of other departments in briefings (and not first hand exposure with those tools and experts like in a cross functional team), then it does not lead to more innovation.

E. Incorrect- most tricky to eliminate- What it argues is teams with members who have worked in different departments are more innovative than teams with members who have not worked in different departments. But both the teams can actually be single department teams - their members have worked previously in different departments but if they are part of the same department now then its a single department team. So, it might just be a comparison of two types of single dept teams and hence does not support the causal relationship in question stem
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