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I thought " clause , verb-ing" is used to modify the clause, but as per my understanding requiring should be modifying the amendments. Also, both ..and is not unnecessary? I feel and or as well as will do same work.
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Navinder
I thought " clause , verb-ing" is used to modify the clause, but as per my understanding requiring should be modifying the amendments. Also, both ..and is not unnecessary? I feel and or as well as will do same work.

Your query 1:
Please find in the link below 3 uses of verb-ing modifier.
verb-ed-modifiers-vs-verb-ing-modifiers-125611-60.html#p1712612

Your query 2:
Both X and Y is the correct idiom.

Your query 3:
"And" and "as well as" are not interchangeable. "And" makes the subject plural, whereas " as well as" does not change the number of the subject. However since "emissions" is plural, that is not the problem here. The problem is that it is awkward to use "as well as" to join two adjectives. The correct sentence would be:
...of stationary emissions as well as mobile emissions...
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I think this is a high-quality question and I agree with explanation.
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souvik101990
Official Solution:

The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act were sweeping, requiring that both federal monitoring of stationary as well as mobile emissions take place.

A. requiring that both federal monitoring of stationary as well as mobile emissions take place.
B. requiring federal monitoring of both stationary and mobile emissions.
C. with the requirement of federal monitoring of both stationary and mobile emissions.
D. and they required the federal monitoring of both stationary and mobile emissions.
E. and they required that federal monitoring of stationary as well as mobile emissions take place.

Answer: B

Question in D v/s B. Experts can you please opine:

The 1970 amendments to the Clean Air Act were sweeping, requiring - Here the Verb-ing mod makes sense with the subject (The 1970 amendments) however for Verb-ing mod to work as a clause mod it should also make sense with the action in the clause: The amendments were sweeping. Here it doesn't seem to be the case. The Verb-ing mod is generally used to present the result of an action , the 'How' aspect or additional info on the action.

Given the above I had eliminated B. In the 2nd IC, we have 'They' in a subject place so that reference seemed fine to me.

Please can you help look into my query, thank you.

egmat GMATNinja TommyWallach
DmitryFarber
EMPOWERgmatVerbal
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AndrewN

+ a few more experts to help, thank you.
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