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The participle modifier indicate sequence of events as per MGMAT SC Book. If D is correct then - " generating a sudden blast of energy " should be before the "can accelerate part" ?? The generation of energy cant be a subsequent action. Can it be ??
Doesnt the modifer "augmented by its aerodynamic body " fits to modify the cheetah as well. If I am to look at it as a modifer of the verb acceleration what is the rationale behind this. I mean how do we select the correct modifier
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ankittiss
Hi,

In option (D), Does "augmented" acts as a participle(verb-ed modifier)?

Thanks,
Ankit

Yes you are right. It is a past participle modifier within an absolute phrase (noun "acceleration"+ noun modifier "augmented by...").
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The participle modifier indicate sequence of events as per MGMAT SC Book. If D is correct then - " generating a sudden blast of energy " should be before the "can accelerate part" ?? The generation of energy cant be a subsequent action. Can it be ??
Doesnt the modifer "augmented by its aerodynamic body " fits to modify the cheetah as well. If I am to look at it as a modifer of the verb acceleration what is the rationale behind this. I mean how do we select the correct modifier


Your query 1:
Probably you have misunderstood something. The present participle modifier can depict a subsequent event or a former event:

Correct: The crime in the region decreased, attracting many real-estate investors. (attracting is a subsequent event)
Correct: Steffi won Wimbledon, defeating Sabatini in straight sets. (defeating is a former event)


Your query 2:
a. The past participle modifier "augmented by...." is outside the main clause - it is within an absolute phrase (see my above post), which as a whole modifies the main cause. Hence this past participle modifier does not refer to "cheetah".

b. "Acceleration" is not a verb, but a noun!

c. Also please note that different types of modifiers may be used to depict the same meaning.
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hi, what is wrong with B?.

The cheetah is not augmented, but its acceleration is. The modifier augmented by………flattened ribcage wrongly refers to the cheetah.

The OE already states the above.
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I think this is a poor-quality question and the explanation isn't clear enough, please elaborate. Is not second part of the correct answer - "its acceleration..."
needs verb ?
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D. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in 3 strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its oversized powerful heart, its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage

how come D is not a run-on sentence??

" powerful heart, its ..... "
please help me undertsand these kind of questions??
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D. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in 3 strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its oversized powerful heart, its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage

how come D is not a run-on sentence??

" powerful heart, its ..... "
please help me undertsand these kind of questions??

The last part of the sentence is not a clause (there is no verb) - it is an absolute phrase
"its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage."

An absolute phrase has the following structure:
noun + noun modifier
here,
noun = its acceleration
noun modifier = augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage. (past participle modifier)
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I think this is a poor-quality question and the explanation isn't clear enough, please elaborate. Is not second part of the correct answer - "its acceleration..."
needs verb ?

No, it does not, because it is not a clause (otherwise the sentence would be run-on). The second part is an absolute phrase. Please see the post above.
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Official Solution:

A cheetah can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, and augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.

A. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, and augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
B. augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage, can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart.
C. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart and augmenting it by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
D. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
E. can accelerate in three strides to a speed of 40 mph, augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage, its sudden blast of energy generated by its powerful, oversized heart.


A. The modifiers generating its ………. powerful heart and augmented by………flattened ribcage modify the subject cheetah. While the first (present participle –ing ) correctly modifies the subject, the second is problematic: Being a past participle –ed modifier, it is placed too far from the subject; moreover, the cheetah is not augmented, but its acceleration is.

B. The cheetah is not augmented, but its acceleration is. The modifier augmented by………flattened ribcage wrongly refers to the cheetah.

C. The antecedent of the pronoun it is vague. If it refers to cheetah, itself should be used. Even then the sentence would wrongly mean that the cheetah augments itself, rather than its acceleration.

D. Correct. All above errors are eliminated. An absolute phrase is correctly introduced.

E. The modifier augmented by………flattened ribcage refers to speed of 40mph. In the sentence it is not intended to express that the value 40mph itself is augmented, rather it is intended to be meant that the acceleration with which the cheetah reaches the speed of 40mph is augmented. Hence this placement of the modifier is incorrect.


Answer: D

In the correct answer choice, shouldn't be an and b/w powerful and oversized - by its powerful, oversized heart, - Please explain
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souvik101990
Official Solution:

A cheetah can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, and augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.

A. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, and augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
B. augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage, can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart.
C. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart and augmenting it by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
D. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.
E. can accelerate in three strides to a speed of 40 mph, augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage, its sudden blast of energy generated by its powerful, oversized heart.


A. The modifiers generating its ………. powerful heart and augmented by………flattened ribcage modify the subject cheetah. While the first (present participle –ing ) correctly modifies the subject, the second is problematic: Being a past participle –ed modifier, it is placed too far from the subject; moreover, the cheetah is not augmented, but its acceleration is.

B. The cheetah is not augmented, but its acceleration is. The modifier augmented by………flattened ribcage wrongly refers to the cheetah.

C. The antecedent of the pronoun it is vague. If it refers to cheetah, itself should be used. Even then the sentence would wrongly mean that the cheetah augments itself, rather than its acceleration.

D. Correct. All above errors are eliminated. An absolute phrase is correctly introduced.

E. The modifier augmented by………flattened ribcage refers to speed of 40mph. In the sentence it is not intended to express that the value 40mph itself is augmented, rather it is intended to be meant that the acceleration with which the cheetah reaches the speed of 40mph is augmented. Hence this placement of the modifier is incorrect.


Answer: D

In the correct answer choice, shouldn't be an and b/w powerful and oversized - by its powerful, oversized heart, - Please explain
Hi, I would like to help you with this.

They are called co-ordinating adjective.

Eg: I saw a big, black truck

Both the adjectives are modifying the truck. You don't need and between big and blue. A mere comma will suffice.

How to check if the adjectives are co-ordinate adjective?

There are three tests you can run:

–       Replace the comma with the word “and”

–       Reverse the order of the adjectives

–       Replace the comma with the word “and” then reverse the order of the adjectives

If the adjectives being used to describe a noun can satisfy these three conditions, then they are almost certainly coordinate adjectives and require a comma. Let’s look at an example:

–       He was a smart, cheerful man.

Is the comma here correct? First, let’s replace the comma with the word “and.”

–       He was a smart and cheerful man.

This sentence still seems to make sense (although it does sound a bit awkward). So, let’s try reversing the order of the adjectives:

–       He was a cheerful, smart man.

Again, everything seems to make sense. Finally, let’s try replacing the comma with the word “and” and then reversing the order of the adjectives:

–       He was a cheerful and smart man.

Once again, everything makes sense, so we can be confident that the comma was actually necessary.

( I have taken this explanation from Mr Ron Purewal)

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ok I have a doubt. I marked D as the correct choice too. But can a Noun+ Noun modifier jump a previous clause itself? sayantanc2k
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ok I have a doubt. I marked D as the correct choice too. But can a Noun+ Noun modifier jump a previous clause itself? sayantanc2k

A noun + noun modifier can serve two purposes as follows:

Appositive (modifies the touching noun):
Ender's Game, a book written by Orson Scott Card, has some very deep philosophical implications.
The part "a book written by Orson Scott Card" is an appositive, because it modifes the noun "Ender's Game."

Absolute Phrase (modifies the preceding clause):
The princess entered the room, her head held high.
The part "her head held high" has nothing to do with the noun "room" - it modifies the entire preceding clause.

In option D, "its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage" is an absolute phrase, not an appositive; hence it does not need to touch any noun whatsoever.
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D. can accelerate to a speed of 40 mph in three strides, generating its sudden blast of energy by its powerful, oversized heart, its acceleration augmented by its aerodynamic body with a small head and flattened ribcage.

In this option, Isn't "its acceleration...." an independent clause?
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