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Ans-E

So passage states it is not correct to infer a secondary effect from a Cause having a desire effect.

Choice A no Cause and Effect relationship
Choice B Lists only one effect as a whole.
Choice C No Cause and Effect relationship.
Choice D Gives a conclusion based on an assumption.
Choice E is the correct answer as it states that it is illogical to infer that all liquids would condense.
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ANSWER A)

Explanation:
A) The observed effect is the donation to the orphanage. The cause is the philanthropic nature of the socialite. The inferred effect is that he/she is all a volunteer at the cancer institute. - fits the logical error described by the author.

B) There is no inferred effect in this

C) There is no cause and effect relationship here.

D) A strong contender. But here there is only one effect(the local bands receiving more funds from municipality). The cause is inferred.

E) There is no inferred effect here
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Answer Choice :A

Explaination:
Here is my explaination:-

Cause 1 -> Effect 1, Cause -> Primary Effect, and no secondary effect
Author is saying that there can be only 1effect per cause and any other effect is the result of some other characteristic of cause.
Cause1 -> Effect 2 (Some other characteristic of cause)

This is a flawed parallel reasoning question. So, the answer choice will have same type of flawed parallel reasoning
(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute.
Socialite (Cause1)  Effect 1(Donation), Cause 1(Socialite) -> Effect 2 (Volunteer)

(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
Radition (Cause1) -> Genetic variations and mutations (Effect1)
Effect 1 – Birth defect (Effect 2) . Therefore, Cause1 -> Effect 2
(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power
Uranium (cause ) -> Great power (effect). Highly complex structure must be the reason for cause.
(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
Local bands got more funds. Conclusion: - Administration is more civic-minded
(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.
Cool water (Cause) -> Condense liquid (Effect).
Cool hindered of liquids (Cause) -> All will condense (Effect)
Conclusion – I cool any liquid, it will condense

My choice is A.

I must admit that this question is tough and took me almost 5-6 mins.



P.S. This question does not seems to me like a GMAT question , probably LSAT questions are this tough. I would also suggest to increase number of questions to 3 or 5.

I just noticed that as part of the rules the answer choice needs to be in the beginning and not in the end.So, i am editing my response to write Answer choice in the beginning.
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answer choice: A

explanation:

It is not logical to infer a secondary effect from a cause which is known only by one specific effect. This is not correct because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?

(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute.
-> observed effect: donation of a million dollars
-> infered effect: volunteers at the cancer institute
Like the author described you can't infer that the socialite volunteers at the cancer institute (socondary effect), only if you know that the socialite donates a big sum (specific effect). hence this statement is right

(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
-> cause ist the radiation from bomb -> specific effect is birth defect in the child -> in this statement there isn't a secondary effect

(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
-> in this statement the cause (highly complex structure) is inferred, not an effect

(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
-> in this statement the cause (administration is more civic-minded) is inferred, not an effect

(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.
-> this statement describes a generalization, not an inference
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It is not logical to infer a secondary effect from a cause which is known only by one specific effect. This is not correct because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?

(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute - this logic can be assumed. If A causes B, A can also cause C.

(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect - this logic can also be assumed.

(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power. - this statement does not show any logic which causes an effect.

(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones - same as C. there is no logic here. out of scope.

(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense. This is the logical error. because water when it condenses it a property of water. this does not mean all liquids have the same characteristics of water which can be the same reason. It could be ONE particular character which condensed water.
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The author is saying:

Cause leads to only one effect. It is not logical for cause to lead to another effect.

Cause = Effect # 1
Cause = Effect # 2 (Not logical)

Answer Choice: A (CORRECT)
Explanation:
Quote:
An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute.
Show more

Anonymous socialite (Cause) = donates million dollars to the orphanage (Effect # 1)
Anonymous socialite (Cause) = volunteers at the cancer institute (Effect # 2) - Not logical

A is stating that cause leads to only one effect. It is not logical for cause to lead to another effect which is the same logical error the author is making.

Answer Choice: B (INCORRECT)
Explanation:
Quote:
The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
Show more

Radiation from nuclear bomb (Cause) = genetic variations and mutations in the mother (Effect # 1) => birth defect in the child (Effect # 2)
Radiation from nuclear bomb (Cause) = birth defect in the child (Effect # 2)

Answer Choice: C (INCORRECT)
Explanation:
Quote:
Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
Show more

Highly complex structure (Cause) = Great Power (Effect # 1)

C is stating only one cause and effect relationship is in this argument; therefore it does not make the same logical error as the author

Answer Choice:D (INCORRECT)
Explanation:
Quote:
The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
Show more


D is not stating a cause and effect relationship - just a conclusion

Answer Choice: E (INCORRECT)
Explanation:
Quote:
If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.
Show more

Cool water (Cause) = Condense (Effect # 1)
Cool hundreds of other liquids (Cause # 2) = Condense (Effect # 1)
Cool any liquid (Cause # 3) = Condense (Effect # 1)

E is stating multiple causes but only one effect
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Answer Choice: A

Explanation:
It is not logical to infer a secondary effect from a cause which is known only by one specific effect. This is not correct because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic oY f the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

This question can be re-written as follows:
We cannot infer that X can lead to Y and Z, where Y is the primary effect and Z is the secondary effect because X contributes entirely to Y and thus cause of Z must be something else.

Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?

Lets analyze the answer choices

(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute.

A did B, Therefore, A also does C - 1 cause, 2 effects - My choice by process of elimination

(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.

X causes Y, Y leads to Z therefore A caused Z - We have 1 effect (z) and 2 causes (y,a) - We need 2 effects and 1 cause - OUT

(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.

A possess Y , A also has C, D must lead to Y 1 Effect and 1 Cause - This does not reflect our original structure. OUT

(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.

A got more funds from B than last year ; Administration is more X than previous ones - No cause and effect relationship; This does not reflect our original structure. OUT

(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.

X leads to Y, Z leads to Y , All liquid lead to Y - 1 Effect, 3 causes - This does not reflect our original structure. OUT
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It is not logical to infer a secondary effect from a cause that is known only by one specific effect. This is not correct because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

The question type is parallel reasoning. We generally match method, conclusion, premise and validity of the argument.

Conclusion-There can be more than one effect of the same cause.

Premise – inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.


Paraphrase – any ans choice in which we can find out that one cause can have multiple effects.

ANS- E

Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?

(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute. – Can’t find out cause and effect relationship. So out.

(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect. I can see the cause and effect here but not more than one effect for the same cause.

Cause – Radiations
Effect – birth defect in child.
SO, cant not be the Ans.

(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
NO Cause effect.

(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
Cause- Administration is more civic minded than previous ones.
Effect - received funds from municipality.
Here we cannot find out more than one effect for the same cause.

(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.
Cause – Cool water
Effect – It condenses.
Cause – other liquid
Effect – may or may not condense
Here the flaw is based on the characteristics of water we are concluding that all liquids will behave in the similar manner that wrong. Other liquid may or may not condense. So for the same cause we can have more than one effect.
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*Answer Choice :E
*Explanation (This can be done as a negation of answer choices through the process of elimination. Make sure you explain why wrong answer choices are wrong!)
A)
Here Cause can be Philanthropy.The known effect is the donation of Money.The second known effect is Volunteering at the orphanage.So Volunteering at the orphanage is being deduced.Reject.
B)
Here cause is Radiation. 1st known effect is mutations and effects in Mother.
2nd effect is Birth Defect.According to Author , It is not logical to infer a second effect.
C)
Cause:Complex structure 1st effect:great power 2nd effect:Miniscule and invisible to naked eye
D)
Reasoning is similar to that in C
"More funds given to Band " is the effect attributed to the civic mindedness of the administration.
No other effects are being considered here.
This choice does not state that "any other effects can not be inferred"
E)Here Because Cooling water leads to condensation.Cooling Hundreds of other liquids leads to condensation.Therefore,the choice says,cooling of any liquid will lead to condensation.It seems as if no other effect can take place as a result of cooling.No ther characteristic of the cooling can lead to secondary effects here.
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A. CORRECT. The effect i.e. donating billions of money to orphanage is because he is a socialite. Thus it is assumed here that since he is a socialite he will also be volunteer for cancer cause. volunteering for the cause and donating money are two different things and it can not held logically that every socialite that donate money to orphanage will volunteer for cancer cause.
B. wrong. Because of faulty generalization.
C. Wrong. Because the cause for great power and small minuscule particles is itself inferred.
D. wrong. No inferred effect is given
E. Wrong, No inferred effect is given
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the error the author describes that two effects cannot have the same cause

cause1 -> effect1
cause2 -> effect2

A correct as it exhibits the logical error that author was explaining ) only in this example we have two differnt effects from cause
socialite -> donated millions
socailite -> cancer institute

B. radiation -> affects mother and child
so radiation -> birth defect

C. Uranium posesses power and it invisible and it produced by complex structure

D. local bands recieved more money from municipality so

E. X like Y when cooled condenses. many Y like x when cooled condenses . So All Y when cooled will condense

only Choice A exhibits the logical error that author describes so it is correct
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I think the answer is B as genetic mutation and variation leads to birth defect in child. It's given radiation from nuclear bombs causes the variation but while some other factors can also leads to genetic variation.

Rest of the options are irrelevant to the argument.
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Answer Choice # C
Explanation # Circular reasoning is present in the argument and that is very well present in the answer choice C.
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answer: B
Explanation: I was bit confused whether it is B or D.

A. Incorrect - just some random assumption that the person will be volunteering in cancer. does not follow the argument
structure
B. correct follows the structure.
c. incorrect - concludes that the uranium posses the great power and reasons that its due to its high complex structure.
d. incorrect - states only one conclusion that this administration is more civic minded, but no secondary effect observed.
e. incorrect - There is only one effect that any liquid like water condenses.
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My answe is C.
Following are the reasons why I chose this answer over other given choices:
a) Method of Reasoning: Both the stimulus and the answer choice c use a conditional form of reasoning. Based on this we can safely eliminate answer choice A and D.
b). The conclusion: Here the conclusion and the answer choice C both match in their level of conclusion. They both have parallel certainlty intent. Notice the use of the absolute word " must" in the argument. Only answer choice C contains that word. Moreover, the stimulus and the answer choice C both contain valid argument. On the bais of validity of argument, we can safely eliminate answer choice E, which clearly is illogical.
Between B and C, I chose C because the stimulus is discussing about the secondary effecs of a cause which is primarily known for one specific effect. Now we all know that nuclear radiation causes genetic defects and its an established fact. It is not an effect that is inferrer, rather a well established fact.
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B) it's a logical flaw which is described as necessary vs suffecient condition.

here in the argument something which is suffecient is considered as necesssary

similarly in the answer choice B the radioactive material caused the birth defect is suffecient condition but it is considered a necesssary condition as if to say there can't be anything else to cause birth defect
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My ans:B

The reasoning in the question is
cause -> effect1-> effect2 so some characteristic of cause ->effect2

This reasoning matches to the reasoning of answer choice B

The radiation ->genetic variations and mutations in Mother->birth defect in child
so the radioactive material -> the birth defect
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Answer is Choice (A)

Explanation below:

Quote:
It is not logical to infer a secondary effect from a cause which is known only by one specific effect. This is not correct because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some other characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.

Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
Show more

First off, we have to identify the question type. This is a "mimic the reasoning" question, which deals with an argument centered on causality. So, let us break down the author's reasoning:

From our knowledge that Cause XYZ leads to Effect ABC, it is not logical to infer that Cause XYZ also leads to Effect DEF. This is because Effect DEF must be produced by some other attribute of Cause XYZ than Effect ABC, which completely describes the cause.

Confused? I take the blame for that. I got confused on reading in too - and I'm the one who tpyed it out!!

Let me try to explain the author's reasoning without all that ABC... algebra gibberish; i'll conjure up an example to illustrate the author's reasoning:

Lee, who is a fantastic singer, recently emereged trumps in the American Idol competition. So, Lee must have also won the "Music Artist of the Year" Award.
So, let's break this down into the three components that we are looking for:
Cause: Lee is a fantastic singer
Primary Effect: Lee won the American Idol
Seconday Effect (Illogical): Lee must have also won the "Music Artist of the Year" Award.

Now let us move on to the choices to see if we can establish a similar pattern i.e. line of reasoning


Quote:
(A) An anonymous socialite donated a million dollars to the orphanage. I would guess that he also volunteers at the cancer institute.
Show more
Cause: Socialite is very charitable
Primary Effect: Socialite Donateed $1M to the orphanage
Seconday Effect: Socialite volunteers at the cancer institute.

The seconday effect is not inferred logically, and perfectly mimics the author's line of reasoning. So A's a keeper. Normally I would mark A as the correct answer and move on, because it appears to be a perfect answer. However, this is the GMAT Challenge, so I will be on my toes and check out the other choices just to be on the safe side.

Quote:
(B) The radiation from the nuclear bomb caused some genetic variations and mutations in the mother, which lead to the birth defect in the child. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
Show more
Cause: Radiation
Primary Effect: Genetic Variations & Mutations-->
Secondary Effect: Birth Defect in Child
--> Radiation caused Birth Defect.
This is a perfectly logical argument, and is not in keeping with the reasoning that the author has laid out.
Thefore, this choice is eliminated - thrown to the sink.

Quote:
(C) Every uranium atom possesses great power. It is also minuscule and not visible to the naked eye. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
Show more
Attribute: Uranium atom is miniscule & not visible to naked eye
Attribute: Uranium Atoms posses great power.
False Assumption: It is the highly complex structure that produces this powerThi
This lays out to attributes of the uranium atom, and illogically assumes one to be the reason (source) for the other. This is a highly illogical argument, and also has no cause - effect - secondary effect relationship, which are the pivots of the author's line of reasoning.
Therefore, this choice is eliminated - dumped to the ocean

Quote:
(D) The local bands that play at the farmer’s festival received more funds from the municipality this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
Show more
Cause: More civic minded administration
Effect: Local bands received more funds from municipality

This also does not have the cause - primary effect - seconday effect reasoning. Therefore, this choice is eliminated - crumpled up & thrown into the bin

Quote:
(E) If I cool water, which is a liquid, it condenses. If I cool hundreds of other liquids like water, they condense. Therefore, if I cool any liquid like water, it will condense.
Show more
Caise: Cooling
Effect: Water condenses
Effect: Hundreds of other liquids like water condense
Invalid Assumption: Cooling any liquid like water will lead to it condensing

This is an invalid argument, but unlike the one which the author is describing, this one is an error of data sets, and incorrect causaility. The oh so common fallacy of mirepresentative data samples: just because all the people i have met don't like George Bush, no one in this world likes George Bush error.

So, E is also eliminated, which leaves us with Answer Choice A as the only surviving answer choice.


Answer is Choice (A)

Great Question by the way. Kudos!
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devashish
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Answer Choice: A
Explanation:
For an answer choice to be correct, the statement should be of the form:
Cause X -> Effect Y (Primary)
Cause X -> Effect Z (Secondary)

Option A- Correct
Cause (Anonymous Socialites has a soft corner for people in need [Assumption] ) -> Primary Effect ( Donated millions to Orphanage )
Cause (Annonymous Socialite has a soft corner for people in need [Primary cause/ Assumption] ) -> Secondary effect ( Volunteers at cancer institute )
This statement clearly suffers from the logical flaw for 2 Reasons:
1. It is in the correct format.
2. The primary effect could very well a cause of Improving Public image for his company rather than any assumed soft corner by the Socialite. In this case the secondary effect will not be true.

Option B - Incorrect Statement format:
Cause X -> Effect Y (which acts as a cause) -> Effect C. Since the statement is not in the format. Hence incorrect

Option C - Incorrect statement format:
Cause X (Uranium atome posseses power ) + Cause Y ( Uranium atom is miniscule ) -> Effect Z ( Uranium atom should have a complex structure to produce power ) - Incorrect format as no secondary effect mentioned ( just a secondary cause )

Option D - Incorrect statement format:
Cause ( Local Band recieved more funds this year ) -> Effect ( Administration is more civic )
No secondary effect mentioned.

E -Incorrect statement format:
Cause X ( Cooling water ) -> Effect Y ( Water condenses )
Cause Z (Cooling hundreds of liquid like water ) -> Effect Y ( Hundreds of liquid condense )
Cause W ( Cooling any liquid like water ) -> Effect Y ( liquid condenses )
As above there is no Secondary Effect mentioned.
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rajadi
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Answer: A
Explanation: 'B' is wrong, it states Nuclear radiation led to birth defect in the baby. Since radiation is caused by radioactive material; B states a cause leading to another which in turn leads to another causing the effect and is unrelated to author's point. C is wrong, as it states one effect which is power, for which it states a cause, which may or maynot be right. the second cause & effect are un-related, so C doesn't infers a secondary effect from just one cause. E is like a generalization of an experiment, it states cause (cooling) has similar effect (condensation) on different items. It doesn't infer a second effect. D states an effect (paid the most) and tries to find a cause (better civic-sense); it doesn't find another effect for the same cause. that leaves us with A, the best choice. A states an effect (donation to orphanage) due to a cause. it then infers another effect (volunteering at cancer institues) due to the same cause, an effect unrelated to the observed characterstics.
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