Quote:
When people predict that certain result will not take place unless a certain action is taken, they believe that they have learned that the prediction is correct when the action is taken and the result occurs. On reflection, however, it often becomes clear that the result admits of more than one interpretation.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claims above?
(A) Judging the success of an action requires specifying the goal of the action.
(B) Judging which action to take after a prediction is made requires knowing about other actions that have been successful in similar past situations.
(C) Learning whether a certain predictive strategy is good requires knowing the result using that strategy through several trials.
(D) Distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction and ineffective action is often impossible.
(E) Making a successful prediction requires knowing the facts about the context of that prediction.
This is talking about cause-and-effect. If people don't think that R will happen without A first occurring, and then they watch A happen, followed by R, they initially feel their prediction was correct. Upon further reflection, they realize that R could have been caused by other factors.
(A) In this case, the goal is the result, so it's already been specified.
(B) Since A and R have been specified, we're not concerned about similar situations from the past.
(C) This is out of scope, as we don't know what the situation is or whether several trials are feasible. It definitely doesn't help strengthen the conclusion.
(D) This choice strengthens the conclusion. The argument is that, if you think A will cause R, and then A precedes R, you might feel your prediction was correct, and then after giving it more thought, you might feel less sure that A was the cause of R. If distinguishing a correct prediction and effective action from an incorrect prediction/ineffective action is often impossible, then you might well feel that your initial prediction and action wasn't certainly the cause of R, with no way to be certain if it was or wasn't.
(E) Making a successful prediction doesn't necessarily require knowing facts about the context. People gamble all the time, and some of them are winning.
D is the best answer.