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31 Jul 2013, 22:11
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miteshk
Hi Mitesh,
You have brought up a very interesting point here!
I was wondering when would someone ask this!
Let me ask you a question first.
What led to the economic growth of India in the first decade of this millennium?
Suppose you say, "Rising income of middle class".
Can I refute you by saying "No, it was just one of the factors. Rather, a combination of good governance and rising income of middle class led to the economic growth"?
Yes, I can say that because when I ask you "what led to economic growth", I am referring to entire growth and not a part of growth (which can be possibly explained by one of the two factors).
So, if anyone asks us, "what led to Y?". Either we say that X is one of the factors that led to Y or if we say that X led to Y, then it means that X alone led to Y.
Therefore, when we say X led to Y, any statement that indicates Z led to Y weakens our statement.
However, the case is very different for X leads to Y.
Suppose I ask you, what leads to good score on GMAT?
Suppose you say, hard work.
Now, can I refute your argument by saying, "Studying from good test prep company leads to good score". The answer is No here. I am not at all countering that hard work leads to good score. I am possibly presenting another way to achieve the same objective but not countering the original way.
Another analogy can be:
Statement "Road X leads to destination D" is not countered by a statement "Road Y leads to D".
On the other hand, Statement "Road X led Joe to destination D" is countered by a statement "Road Y led Joe to destination D".
Does it help?
Thanks,
Chiranjeev
31 Jul 2013, 22:17
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Forgot to share official questions for X led to Y:
In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there
has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee.
Therefore, the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the
harmful effects of caffeine.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?
(A) On average, people consume 30 percent less coffee today than they did 10 years ago.
(B) Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after
significantly decreasing their coffee consumption.
(C) Sales of specialty types of coffee have held steady as sales of regular brands have declined.
(D) The consumption of fruit juices and caffeine-free herbal teas has increased over the past decade.
(E) Coffee prices increased steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing
nations.
Option E is the correct choice.
Which of the following most logically completes the argument given below?
People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt. Few of
them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is
common in industrialized countries. Such people often do develop high blood pressure when they move to cities
and adopt high-salt diets. Though suggestive, these facts do not establish salt as the culprit in high blood
pressure, however, because .
(A) genetic factors could account for the lack of increase of blood pressure with age among such people
(B) people eating high-salt diets and living from birth in cities in industrialized societies generally have a
tendency to have high blood pressure
(C) it is possible to have a low-salt diet while living in a city in an industrialized country
(D) there are changes in other aspects of diet when such people move to the city
(E) salt is a necessity for human life, and death can occur when the body loses too much salt
Option D is the correct choice.
Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater the effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold virus tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Experimental subjects who used the zinc gel not only had colds of shorter duration but also had less severe symptoms than did those who used a gel that did not contain zinc.
B. The mechanism by which zinc effects the viruses that caused the common cold has not been conclusively established.
C. To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contains other ingredients, such as citric acid,, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
D. No Zinc based remedy can have any effect unless it is taken or applied within 48 hrs of the onset of cold symptoms.
E. Drug company researchers experimenting with nasal spray based on zinc have found that it has much the same effect on colds as the gel does.
Option C is the correct choice.
In Morigia the average age of cars that are still in use has historically been seven years, but now it is nearly nine years. Car manufacturers claim that the current poor economy has forced people to put off buying new cars, and thus when the economy improves, the average age of cars will return to former levels. Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the car manufacturers' prediction?
A. Fewer cars per year are now being manufactured in Morigia than were being manufactured there five years ago.
B. When the threat of job loss is particularly strong, people are reluctant to commit themselves to expensive purchases.
C. The older a car is, the greater the amount of upkeep it requires.
D. The air-pollution control devices now being used in cars manufactured in Morigia cost less than those that were used seven years ago.
E. Most people in Morigia now believe that replacing an old car with a new one has very undesirable ecological consequences.
Option E is the correct choice.
Thanks,
Chiranjeev
In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there
has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee.
Therefore, the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the
harmful effects of caffeine.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?
(A) On average, people consume 30 percent less coffee today than they did 10 years ago.
(B) Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after
significantly decreasing their coffee consumption.
(C) Sales of specialty types of coffee have held steady as sales of regular brands have declined.
(D) The consumption of fruit juices and caffeine-free herbal teas has increased over the past decade.
(E) Coffee prices increased steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing
nations.
Option E is the correct choice.
Which of the following most logically completes the argument given below?
People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt. Few of
them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is
common in industrialized countries. Such people often do develop high blood pressure when they move to cities
and adopt high-salt diets. Though suggestive, these facts do not establish salt as the culprit in high blood
pressure, however, because .
(A) genetic factors could account for the lack of increase of blood pressure with age among such people
(B) people eating high-salt diets and living from birth in cities in industrialized societies generally have a
tendency to have high blood pressure
(C) it is possible to have a low-salt diet while living in a city in an industrialized country
(D) there are changes in other aspects of diet when such people move to the city
(E) salt is a necessity for human life, and death can occur when the body loses too much salt
Option D is the correct choice.
Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater the effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold virus tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Experimental subjects who used the zinc gel not only had colds of shorter duration but also had less severe symptoms than did those who used a gel that did not contain zinc.
B. The mechanism by which zinc effects the viruses that caused the common cold has not been conclusively established.
C. To make them palatable, zinc lozenges generally contains other ingredients, such as citric acid,, that can interfere with the chemical activity of zinc.
D. No Zinc based remedy can have any effect unless it is taken or applied within 48 hrs of the onset of cold symptoms.
E. Drug company researchers experimenting with nasal spray based on zinc have found that it has much the same effect on colds as the gel does.
Option C is the correct choice.
In Morigia the average age of cars that are still in use has historically been seven years, but now it is nearly nine years. Car manufacturers claim that the current poor economy has forced people to put off buying new cars, and thus when the economy improves, the average age of cars will return to former levels. Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the car manufacturers' prediction?
A. Fewer cars per year are now being manufactured in Morigia than were being manufactured there five years ago.
B. When the threat of job loss is particularly strong, people are reluctant to commit themselves to expensive purchases.
C. The older a car is, the greater the amount of upkeep it requires.
D. The air-pollution control devices now being used in cars manufactured in Morigia cost less than those that were used seven years ago.
E. Most people in Morigia now believe that replacing an old car with a new one has very undesirable ecological consequences.
Option E is the correct choice.
Thanks,
Chiranjeev
miteshk
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01 Aug 2013, 05:13
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egmat
Chiranjeev,
Thanks for taking time to reply. Also appreciate the official examples which you provided for "X led to Y" concept.
1) But it seems you are reinforcing the same point with different examples. I am not worried about how to apply the concept. I am just thinking why is this so ? Should I just memorize this like a grammar rule?
2) Also I tried searching for official examples that displays "X leads to Y" concept.
The CR Question number 33 of Verbal Official Guide (2nd edition) (about Renaissance oil paintings) displays this concept but treats the alternate cause as a weakener.
Conclusion: Gesso causes deterioration
Although the question is about a strengthener, but it rejects option B stating that it shows an alternate cause & hence is a weakener.
Please correct me if I am wrong.
