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An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of ne
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Updated on: 26 Nov 2018, 04:00
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57% (01:21) correct 43% (01:30) wrong based on 1090 sessions
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An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that
(B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that
(C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such,
(D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that
(E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
The short answer to your question is that the word "so" has more than one use.
One use of "so" is as a subordinate conjunction. For example: The student walked in late, so the teacher yelled at him. Notice that this sentence has only one independent clause. independent clause = the student walked in late subordinate clause = so the teacher yelled at him Notice that in any subordinate clause that begins with a subordinate conjunction, it is true 100% of the time that if we were to remove the subordinate conjunction, what follows could function as an independent clause. Nevertheless, as long as that subordinate conjunction is there, we are not allowed to count it as an independent clause. See: GMAT Grammar: “On a White Bus” with Subordinate Conjunctions
In this SC problem, we are NOT using "so" as a subordinate conjunction.
A completely different use of "so" is as an intensifier for an adjective, in the structure: so [adjective] that . . . The Antarctic winter is so cold that frostbite occurs almost instantaneously. Notice, it would be 100% correct and even quite sophisticated to change the word order: So cold is the Antarctic winter that frostbite occurs almost instantaneously. The word "so" has to come immediately before the adjective it intensifies, but there's no rule that the word "that" has to come right after. In fact, this latter wording is typical of very high quality writing because rhetorically it emphasizes both the adjective and the logical tension in the sentence. We hear "So cold is the . . . " and it immediately creates the question in the reader "how cold is it?" The sentence creates that tension and satisfies it only in the second half: this is a brilliant rhetorical device that elicits the reader's curiosity and draws the reader to read the entire sentence with that much more interest and attention. It is a particular example of the way in which a skilled writer might hook a reader's attention and drive that attention through the length of the piece.
This is precisely the rhetorical device that appears in (A), the OA. . . . so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build. This is an independent clause. Perhaps this would be more clear if we were to change the word order to a more prosaic, pedestrian, and un-dramatic version, the "white bread only" phrasing of the information: . . . capital for commercial real estate has been so abundant that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build. This latter version makes the grammatical structure clearer to folks struggling to see this structure, but ultimately, that is not how language is used in the real world. In the real world, the artful use of language involves using all the elements of language together to communicate one's meaning most powerfully, and this is what version (A) does well.
Of course, what is so brilliant about using this sophisticated rhetorical construction after a semicolon is that all the students who mistake this for the subordinate conjunction use of "so" will think it's wrong! Among other things, it's a brilliant test about the difference between two very different uses of "so"! Official questions are always so brilliantly designed! As someone who writes questions professionally, I am continually in awe of the quality of the official questions!
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27 Aug 2011, 13:54
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rphardu wrote:
its_vishalsinha wrote:
Guys, please help me in solving the following SC.
An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that (B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that (C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such, (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that (E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
idiom so x that y.. only A.
Just wanted to point out that this is a good example of an idiomatic structure that isn't common on everyday speaking--but is definitely something you'll see on the GMAT. So just make a mental note of this structure "so [x]...that...[y]"
(A) it is! And if you were comfortable enough with identifying this idiomatic structure, you could have confidently picked (A) without reading too much into any of the other answer choices! This would save you precious seconds so you can focus more on the RC/CR questions with your time.
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08 Dec 2007, 12:37
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its_vishalsinha wrote:
Guys, please help me in solving the following SC.
An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that (B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that (C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such, (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that (E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
I pick A
The origininal sentence can be re-constructed as:
"An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; capital for commercial real estate has been so abundant that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build"
I think A is the best choice
B. so ..., so that makes the sentence fragmented
C. it's wordy. the comma after such makes the sentence fragmented
D. it's wordy
E. run-on sentence
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08 Dec 2007, 19:54
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bulls wrote:
The OA is 'A'... unable to grasp the reasoning behind it...
In a normal written English, the sentence should have been (as I quoted earlier) like this: "An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; the capital for commercial real estate has been so abundant that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build."
However, GMAT altered the perfectly fine sentence to something appearing to be incorrect but is actually gramatically correct.
For example, one can say,"I would go home" or "Home I would go" are two perfectly correct sentences that has the same meaning.
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16 Jul 2009, 23:25
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My answer is A. The option is using correct idiom "so...that..".
B. Out for using incorrect idiom "so..., so that" C. Incorrect idiom D. Correct idiom use "such .... that...". But option D is wordy as compared to option A. I would prefer the use of adjective "abundant" in option A, rather then use of noun "the abundance" in option D. E. Incorrect idiom. The correct idiom should be "such .... that...".
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10 Aug 2011, 20:47
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its_vishalsinha wrote:
Guys, please help me in solving the following SC.
An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that (B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that (C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such, (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that (E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
idiom so x that y.. only A.
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First, D changed meaning in comparison to A. 'Such' in D means more on the lines of type X. While A is talking about intensity. Also in D 'has' and 'been' should be together. For these reasons D is not a good choice.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that
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24 Apr 2019, 23:51
its_vishalsinha wrote:
An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
(A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that
(B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that
(C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such,
(D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that
(E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,
Hello daagh sir, Would appreciate your help to understand why option D of this problem is wrong. I understand that option A is correct, but not getting enough long to cancel out D.
The short answer to your question is that the word "so" has more than one use.
One use of "so" is as a subordinate conjunction. For example: The student walked in late, so the teacher yelled at him. Notice that this sentence has only one independent clause. independent clause = the student walked in late subordinate clause = so the teacher yelled at him Notice that in any subordinate clause that begins with a subordinate conjunction, it is true 100% of the time that if we were to remove the subordinate conjunction, what follows could function as an independent clause. Nevertheless, as long as that subordinate conjunction is there, we are not allowed to count it as an independent clause. See: GMAT Grammar: “On a White Bus” with Subordinate Conjunctions
In this SC problem, we are NOT using "so" as a subordinate conjunction.
A completely different use of "so" is as an intensifier for an adjective, in the structure: so [adjective] that . . . The Antarctic winter is so cold that frostbite occurs almost instantaneously. Notice, it would be 100% correct and even quite sophisticated to change the word order: So cold is the Antarctic winter that frostbite occurs almost instantaneously. The word "so" has to come immediately before the adjective it intensifies, but there's no rule that the word "that" has to come right after. In fact, this latter wording is typical of very high quality writing because rhetorically it emphasizes both the adjective and the logical tension in the sentence. We hear "So cold is the . . . " and it immediately creates the question in the reader "how cold is it?" The sentence creates that tension and satisfies it only in the second half: this is a brilliant rhetorical device that elicits the reader's curiosity and draws the reader to read the entire sentence with that much more interest and attention. It is a particular example of the way in which a skilled writer might hook a reader's attention and drive that attention through the length of the piece.
This is precisely the rhetorical device that appears in (A), the OA. . . . so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build. This is an independent clause. Perhaps this would be more clear if we were to change the word order to a more prosaic, pedestrian, and un-dramatic version, the "white bread only" phrasing of the information: . . . capital for commercial real estate has been so abundant that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build. This latter version makes the grammatical structure clearer to folks struggling to see this structure, but ultimately, that is not how language is used in the real world. In the real world, the artful use of language involves using all the elements of language together to communicate one's meaning most powerfully, and this is what version (A) does well.
Of course, what is so brilliant about using this sophisticated rhetorical construction after a semicolon is that all the students who mistake this for the subordinate conjunction use of "so" will think it's wrong! Among other things, it's a brilliant test about the difference between two very different uses of "so"! Official questions are always so brilliantly designed! As someone who writes questions professionally, I am continually in awe of the quality of the official questions!
When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it. - Henry Ford The Moment You Think About Giving Up, Think Of The Reason Why You Held On So Long +1 Kudos if you find this post helpful
Skywalker18 , yes. So can be a subordinating conjunction, but an admittedly limited data survey suggests that GMAC prefers the phrase "so that" over "so."
In formal writing generally, so is a subordinating conjunction when so implies purpose or result. Often the construction is so that.
I reviewed OG 2020. A single official guide is not a completely reliable indicator of GMAC's position, but ~130 questions are not useless, either.
-- The word so is not used alone to suggest consequence or purpose. In formal writing, often we are allowed to drop the word that, but GMAC does not seem to like the idea of dropping that. I strongly suspect, though, that I could find a few official questions in which so was used alone as a subordinating conjunction.
-- Language in the official explanations refers to so that as a causal phrase and thus indicates in a roundabout way that GMAC considers so that a subordinating conjunction. Examples are beneath the spoiler.
Spoiler alert: to discuss so that, I reveal five incorrect answers from four official questions.
So that is a subordinating conjunction in #778(D), 839(B), 862(D), and 883(D and E). All: The questions are here.
• Not one of those answers is correct, BUT • not one of the OEs says, "SO THAT is not a subordinating conjunction." • Quite the opposite seems to be the case: so that is characterized as expressing consequence or causality—and thus is a subordinating conjunction. From OG 2020:
-- 778(D): so that the companies seem larger OE: Clauses beginning so that can express purpose, but [this option is inaccurate on other grounds; the prompt requires the prepositions to or for].
-- 839(B) a thick needle layer protects buds from where new growth proceeds, so that they can withstand forest fires relatively well OE: In this context, needle layer is less precise than the more standard layer of needles, which makes it clear that the layer is composed of needles rather than being, for example, a layer of needles. From where is . .. redundant in using two words that express the idea of location (from and where) instead of one. No mention of SO THAT
-- 862D) companies, so that they rarely hold more than one percent OE: The singular pronoun they refers to a mutual fund and thus should be singular No mention of SO THAT
-- 883 (D and E) (D) so that compared with previous Novembers, sales of light trucks this past November OE: The sentence illogically compares sales of light trucks with previous Novembers. The conjunction so that nonsensically introduces a causal relationship between November's typically strong sales and the aforementioned comparison.
(E) so that this past November’s sales, even compared with previous Novembers’ sales, OE: Like (D), [so that in] this sentence introduces a nonsensical causal relationship, in this case [between different but also incorrect things.]
Other sources that confirm the usage of so that as a subordinating conjunction.
Oxford Online Dictionary (1.1) , here. The example sentence is It was overgrown with brambles, so that I had difficulty making any progress. The sentence means: Because it was overgrown with brambles, I had difficulty making any progress.
Cambridge Online Dictionary states, We use so as a subordinating conjunction to introduce clauses of result or decision. Scroll down to So as a conjunction,HERE.
So is described as a "weird" conjunction in this article, HERE, in which the author notes, "When so shows purpose, it acts like a subordinating conjunction."
Controversy exists about so, standing alone, as a subordinating conjunction; that fact that may inform your question. GMAC seems to avoid the issue and to use so that rather than so.
Hope that helps.
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10 May 2019, 15:04
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rnn wrote:
Hi, after reading through, i am still no sure why D is incorrect... is it only because of the idiom issue i.e. so x that y?
kindly help
rnn , no, the idiom is not the only problem (but that idiom is a good one to know).
Option D uses such as an intensifier ("good pastries are such a delight") or a determiner referring to degree (hard to tell), but . . . such does not intensify anything. Such is left hanging.
This construction in (D) is hard: An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.
Try rewriting the "such" part.
. . . the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such that . . . investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build..
Such what? Or such a WHAT? A noun or noun phrase is missing.
Example: . . . the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such a reliable fact that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build..
I just suggested the sort of thing that needs to go between such and that, but I struggled to find sensible words. The phrasing in the rewrite is horrible, especially compared to that in option A.
We can rewrite A, too: . . . capital for commercial real estate has been so abundant that Again, compare (rewritten and not embellished) D: the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such that We're trying to stress the abundance of capital. "So abundant," as in A, means "very abundant." That phrase is clear. "The abundance has been such" is not clear. The clause doesn't mean anything. It's babble.
I hope that analysis helps.
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