Architects and stonemasons,
huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.
(A)
huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
The use of "huge palace" as an introductory modifier with "Architects and stonemasons" doesn't make sense.
(B)
without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
Same error as (A)
(C)
the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheelThis answer choice doesn't any error. Perfect!
(D) there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the MayaThe use of passive voice sends the correct introductory modifier to the end of the sentence.
(E)
were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
"were" is a state of being. A state of being can't be architect or stonemasons.