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A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.


(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.


SC43561.01

Official Explanation

Logical predication; Rhetorical construction

The sentence attempts to convey the idea that a star will compress itself into one of three forms after it passes through the red giant stage: a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. The sentence also indicates that which one of these three forms the star will compress itself into is determined by the star's mass. As worded, these ideas are not clearly and unambiguously conveyed. For example, it is not clear what the modifying phrase depending on mass is supposed to modify. Because of its placement, it appears to modify red giant stage; it should, however, modify star. Given this problem, the sentence fails to convey its intended meaning clearly.

A. As indicated above, this version fails to convey its intended meaning clearly.

B. The referent of the pronoun its is unclear. Given that red giant stage is the only noun before its, the sentence would seem to indicate that red giant stage is the referent, but the meaning would be correct only if its refers to star. Furthermore, the modifying statement depending on its mass appears to modify red giant stage rather than star.

C. The modifying phrase After passing through a red giant stage modifies a star's mass but it should describe the star itself. Given that the mass is not what passes through the red giant stage, this is incorrect.

D. Correct. In this version, it is clear that the sentence is saying that the star itself passes through the red giant stage and that the star will ultimately compress itself into one of the three listed options: white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.

E. The pronoun it refers to the mass of a star, rather than a star, as intended. Likewise, the star itself passes through the red giant stage, not its mass.

The correct answer is D.
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Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-

noboru
A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.


Choice A: In Option A, we see a case of distorted meaning, arising from the incorrect placement of a modifier; as the modifying phrase "depending on mass" follows the noun "red giant stage", it appears to modify the "red giant stage" rather than modifying "the star". Thus, the sentence conveys that the star's post-compression form is dependent on its mass during the red star stage, rather than its original mass as a star. Therefore, Option A is incorrect.

Choice B: In Option B, the phrase “depending on its mass” is found between two commas; this placement is a major error, as this phrase conveys information critical to the meaning of the sentence. And only extraneous information can be placed between two commas. Thus, Option B is incorrect.

Choice C: In Option C, the modifying phrase "After passing through a red giant stage" incorrectly modifies the noun "a star's mass". As per the intended meaning of the sentence, the star is supposed to pass through a red giant stage. However, as per this construction “a star’s mass” will pass through the red giant stage. Thus, Option C alters the meaning of the sentence; therefore, it is incorrect.

Choice D: In Option D, the phrase "after passing through the red giant stage" correctly modifies the noun "star". Moreover, this option correctly conveys the meaning of the sentence, after passing through a red giant stage, a star will compress itself a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole, and which of these three it shall become depends on the star's mass.

Choice E: Option E repeats the same error as Option C.; the phrase "after passing through the red giant stage" modifies "The mass of the star". Thus, Option E is incorrect.

Hence, D is the best answer choice.

To understand the concept of “Avoiding Pronoun Ambiguity on GMAT”, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



To understand the concept of “Extra Information between Two Commas on GMAT”, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):



All the best!
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noboru
31. A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.
(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
Mass determines what will be the star but in B it is in ,...., construction so it can be threw out from the sentence implying it is not important then we left with D
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I choose D.

Its most clear and idiomatic.

(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole
after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass. - depending on who's mass?

(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will
compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. - grammatically right, but awkward.

(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it
compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. - star's mass will not pass through the giant stage

(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will
compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. - correct

(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine
whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black
hole. - star's mass will not pass through the giant stage
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My answer is B and I dont see any probelm in that option.
Can anyone explain?
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My answer is B and I dont see any probelm in that option.
Can anyone explain?

After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will
compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

I think the "its" is ambiguous because it can refer to either the "red giant stage" or "a star"
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Hi All,

Lets follow a 3 step approach to solve this question:

Meaning Analysis:

A star compresses into a white dwarf , a neutron star, or a black hole. What is the deciding factor ?

Depending on the mass of the star, the final form is determined.

Error Analysis:

1. " after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass" --> "ing" verbs modify depending on the placement of the verb. There is a very neat article posted by egmat which explains the concept thoroughly- usage-of-verb-ing-modifiers-135220.html

As mentioned in the article, if an "ing" modifier is preceded by a comma then it modifies the entire clause. Based on this concept we can infer ( reading the choice A) that the star passes through a red giant stage depending on the mass. This makes no sense.

Answers Analysis:


(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass. --> Errors pointed out in the analysis
(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.--> Same modifier error. Read the error analysis
(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.--> This makes the reader believe that the star's mass passed through the red giant stage.
(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. --> This choice clearly mentions that the star passes through the red giant stage and this decision is determined by the mass of the star
(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.--> Same error as in choice C

Let me know if you found the explanation useful !

Regards,
Shradha
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Quote:
Answer Choice (D) Mass determines WHETHER a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

My understanding was that "whether" is reserved for scenarios where there were only 2 potential outcomes (ie: going to the party or not going). In this case, there are 3 potential outcomes (compressing itself into a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole). Is there an exception to this rule?
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daagh
Preamble:
1. The pronoun's first prerogative is to refer to the subject of the sentence, and if the subject does not suit, then it might antecede mostly a nearby noun that may be an object of the verb or object of the preposition. Perhaps even a third one might suit better than the subject or the object, in which case that will become the eligible referent. Logic and nothing logic is the decider of the pronoun eligibility.
2. The adverbial modifiers modify the subject and the action of the previous clause and one must adept at spotting the previous clause.

This is a crafty issue. Now let's move on to the question.

A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.-- The pronoun refers to the star and the adverbial modifier ",depending" modifies the previous clause namely' after it(the star) passes through a red giant stage. The slip here is to mistake the previous clause as ' a star will compress', which is the first clause or the main clsuse but not the previous clause.

(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. --- No issue about 'its'. However, when you have two back to back modifiers that both modify a common noun, both the modifiers will be required to be intercepted by a conjunction 'and'. Otherwise, there is the risk of the second modifier modifying the first as do nested modifiers do

(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. -- Instant misfit since the initial moidifer illogically modifies the he mass rather than the star.

(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. --- No issues with this choice.

(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. ---absolutely out because of the distortion that the mass passes through the red giant stage.

Vanam
As far as the referents for the pronoun 'it' in A and 'its' in B are concerned, I appreciate you are on the dot.
Can you please also see my comment on choice A especially with regard to the adverbial modifier? That is a sly pitfall.
Also i rejected b on the basis that it makes ,depending on its mass, an non essential modifier but it doesnot make sense to make this part non essential modifier here .Is this correct?
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Yes. 'Depending upon the mass' is central to the intended meaning. IMO, it is even more essential than the first modifier. Although it is small, the error is fatal. To be fair, just an insertion of 'and' between the two modifiers will render B adequate.
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A literally states that passing through a red-giant is only conducive to the formation of a black hole, and not to a white dwarf or neutron star - this is because of the "after it... " component
(A) A star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole after it passes through a red giant stage, depending on mass.

B is incorrect because of the "it" and the fact "depending on its mass" is non-restrictive. It should be restrictive as it is always dependent on mass
(B) After passing through a red giant stage, depending on its mass, a star will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

C and E illogically state that the mass, not the star, pass through the red giant stage
(C) After passing through a red giant stage, a star’s mass will determine if it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
(E) The mass of a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will determine whether it compresses itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.

D clearly communicates the intended message
(D) Mass determines whether a star, after passing through the red giant stage, will compress itself into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole.
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Hi Experts,

I have a question on D.

I understand that "comma + Ving" would modify the preceding clause and must make sense with the subject, as well as the correct intended meaning of the action.

Buy why , in D ," after passing ...." can modify the preceding noun "a star"?

Please explain.
Really appreciate.
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Hi Experts,

I have a question on D.

I understand that "comma + Ving" would modify the preceding clause and must make sense with the subject, as well as the correct intended meaning of the action.

Buy why , in D ," after passing ...." can modify the preceding noun "a star"?

Please explain.
Really appreciate.

Good question here - two things stand out to me:

1) The "comma + ing" structure modifying the previous clause is for when that comma+ing follows a complete thought. Here "mass determines whether a star" isn't a complete thought, so the modifier doesn't fit that "modifies the previous clause" mold - there isn't one full independent clause for it to modify. It comes between a new subject ("a star") and its verb ("will compress").

2) The word "after" breaks that structure, too, signaling that it isn't an exact application of that "comma + ing attached to the end of a clause" rule.

#1 is the big one to me - the modifier splits a subject from its verb, so it just doesn't fit the mold of when comma+ing modifies the entire clause.
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Right. To pile on a little bit, as I learned it and as I teach it, the rule is as follows:

"A participle phrase generally modifies whatever it is right next to in the sentence. However, the key exception is that
1. a participle phrase
2. at the end of a sentence (or independent clause, if we're being technical)
3. set off by a comma
correctly modifies a nonadjacent word earlier in the sentence – usually the subject – as long as it’s clear."

Since this participle phrase does not run to the end of the sentence (it ends at the comma after "stage"), the exception does not apply, and in fact it not only may but must modify what it's right next to -- the star.



VeritasPrepBrian
ballest127
Hi Experts,

I have a question on D.

I understand that "comma + Ving" would modify the preceding clause and must make sense with the subject, as well as the correct intended meaning of the action.

Buy why , in D ," after passing ...." can modify the preceding noun "a star"?

Please explain.
Really appreciate.

Good question here - two things stand out to me:

1) The "comma + ing" structure modifying the previous clause is for when that comma+ing follows a complete thought. Here "mass determines whether a star" isn't a complete thought, so the modifier doesn't fit that "modifies the previous clause" mold - there isn't one full independent clause for it to modify. It comes between a new subject ("a star") and its verb ("will compress").

2) The word "after" breaks that structure, too, signaling that it isn't an exact application of that "comma + ing attached to the end of a clause" rule.

#1 is the big one to me - the modifier splits a subject from its verb, so it just doesn't fit the mold of when comma+ing modifies the entire clause.
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I really doubted between B and D and finally chose B because in D, it is not specified that "mass" is referring to the mass of the star itself... And to me it is not 100% clear it can properly be assumed. What do you think?

Posted from my mobile device
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I really doubted between B and D and finally chose B because in D, it is not specified that "mass" is referring to the mass of the star itself... And to me it is not 100% clear it can properly be assumed. What do you think?

Posted from my mobile device

I think that if either answer has an unclear reference it's for sure B.

For one thing, the "its" in B references the star, but the star hasn't been introduced yet. Perhaps not fatal, but not ideal and not totally clear, since "its" could possibly refer to the preceding "stage." However, the bigger problem with B is "depending on its mass"; this participle phrase does not correctly modify anything around it. Certainly the "red giant stage" is not the intended target, but note that the star also cannot be described as "depending on its mass."

On the other hand, D seems pretty clear to me. What other possible mass could we be talking about?

I think that part of the issue here comes down to prioritizing. If you're debating between

(1) a terrible, totally reference-less modifier mixed with a dodgy pronoun

and

(2) a possibly slightly ambiguous meaning

... then I think you definitely need to decide that in favor of the latter.
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daagh
egmat

(or any person who could shed some light for me...)

I understand why all answer choices are wrong but can some experts be so kind and please allaborate why we use "whether" in this case?
From what I've understood is that the use of wheter is restricted to yes / no occurences, such as "Could you tell me wheter you come by or not" -> answer choice yes or no.

Why do we say "Whether X compresses itself into A, B or C?"
I've never seen this structure, any help is appreciated!

Citation:

"in formal writing, such as in technical writing at work, it's a good idea to make a distinction between them because the meaning can sometimes be different depending on which word you use. The formal rule is to use if when you have a conditional sentence and whether when you are showing that two alternatives are possible. Some examples will make this more clear."

https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/educa ... us-whether
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