OFFICIAL EXPLANATION



THE PROMPT

• Strip the sentence. Those "which" phrases are easy to remove.
→ China's views of stem cell treatment . . . differ largely from the United States.

• In order to be logical, a comparison must compare two similar things.
In this case, the views of China should be compared with the views of the United States.

THE OPTIONS

• Incorrectly compares views with the United States [the U.S. is a country and is certainly not "views"]
ELIMINATE A


• wrong pronoun
→ the singular pronoun that cannot refer to the plural subject the views
ELIMINATE B


• wrong pronoun
→ the singular pronoun that cannot refer to the plural subject the views


• not parallel/not idiomatic
→ views OF China and views FROM the United States are not parallel.
Using different prepositions is correct if the prepositions should be different.
Correct: Soldiers on land receive training different from sailors at sea.

In this case, the nonunderlined portion commits us to views OF China and thus views OF each country. ==

→ views from the United States is not idiomatic in this context.
ELIMINATE D


• bingo
→ those = views
If you are in doubt, always substitute the pronoun with the noun.
Substitute the noun views for pronoun those, this way:
China’s views of stem cell treatment, which do not place as much significance on the moral value of the zygote, differ largely from the views of the United States, which views the zygote as a representation of human life.
→ That sentence is grammatical and logical. The pronoun those is correct.

The answer is E.


NOTES

Just in case you are not quite sure: those is the plural form of that.

Both those and that can be "regular" pronouns that refer to an antecedent noun, as is the case in this sentence.

Just make sure that a noun is mentioned, unless the sentence discusses people, in which case "those" can be a standalone pronoun.
→ those can occasionally stand alone when it means those people who do XYZ
→ I do not recall an official question in which that was a standalone pronoun, though I would not rule out the possibility.
In a recent official question, this both (1) was a standalone pronoun and (2) was allowed to stand for an entire idea described by the previous clause.
Still, I highly doubt that you will see that as a standalone pronoun.


Both those and that can also be "determiner" or "demonstrative" pronouns that "demonstrate" or "point to" a noun:
→ that menacing cloud on the horizon, those puffy clouds on the horizon

COMMENTS

I am glad to see everyone persevering.
In these strange times (which cannot last forever), perseverance can be difficult.
Good for you for "showing up."

The answers that explain are excellent and get kudos.
Stay safe.

My answer is (E). It took me 23 seconds.

China's views = views of China
The key to this question is to ensure Apple-vs-Apple comparison.

(A) "Views" cannot be compared with "the United States"
(B) "views" (plural) cannot be compared with "that" (Singular)
(C) See above

Both (D) and (E) correctly uses "those" to compare with "China's views".
Because China's views = views of China (as opposed to Views from China)
(E) maintains parallelism better and is thus my pick.

A) the United States -- Eliminate. "China's views" compared with the US.

B) that of the United States -- "views" is plural and we need a "those" for appropriate comparison.

C) that embraced by the United States -- same as B.

D) those from the United States -- "from" is not a very stylistic prose. "Views" belong to someone and hence are "of" someone (noun entity). Eliminate.

E) those of the United States -- Fixes the error in D. Correct.

China’s views of stem cell treatment, which do not place as much significance on the moral value of the zygote, differ largely from the United States, which views the zygote as a representation of human life.

A) the United States- does not compare correctly

B) that of the United States- not parallel

C) that embraced by the United States- not parallel

D) those from the United States- wrong comparison

E) those of the United States- Correct as views of chine parallel to "those= views" of United states

Comparison between China’s views of stem cell treatment and Views of the United States

A) the United States: wrong comparison. Compares China's views with the United States

B) that of the United States: views shall be plural. that shall be replaced with those

C) that embraced by the United States: : meaning error

D) those from the United States: meaning error

E) those of the United States: No error

IMO E
_________________

China’s views of stem cell treatment, which do not place as much significance on the moral value of the zygote, differ largely from the United States, which views the zygote as a representation of human life.

A) the United States
This is comparing China's views and the United States. Illogical comparison.

B) that of the United States
Views are plural -- SV mismatch for 'that' which is singular.

C) that embraced by the United States
Illogical comparison + SV issue

D) those from the United States
'those from' is the incorrect usage.

E) those of the United States
Correct use of comparing views between US and China.

China’s views of stem cell treatment, which do not place as much significance on the moral value of the zygote, differ largely from the United States, which views the zygote as a representation of human life.

A) the United States Incorrect

comparison error - views compare with the United States

B) that of the United States Incorrect

views is plural, that is singular

C) that embraced by the United States Incorrect

views is plural, that is singular

D) those from the United States Incorrect

from uses wrong

E) those of the United States Incorrect

The official explanation is here.