During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed

Question

During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed to citizens under the United States Constitution, the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs and encouraged the assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society. However, the same years also saw the emergence of a Native American leadership and efforts to develop tribal institutions and reaffirm tribal identity. The clash of these two trends may be traced in the attempts on the part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to convince the Oneida tribe of Wisconsin to accept readjustment.

The culmination of BIA efforts to sway the Oneida occurred at a meeting that took place in the fall of 1956. The BIA suggested that it would be to the Oneida's benefit to own their own property and, like other homeowners, pay real estate taxes on it. The BIA also emphasized that, after readjustment, the government would not attempt to restrict Native Americans' ability to sell their individually owned lands. The Oneida were then offered a one-time lump-sum payment of $60,000 in lieu of the $500 annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member of the tribe under the Canandaigua Treaty.

The efforts of the BIA to "sell" readjustment to the tribe failed because the Oneida realized that they had heard similar offers before. The Oneida delegates reacted negatively to the BIA's first suggestion because taxation of Native American lands had been one past vehicle for dispossessing the Oneida: after the distribution of some tribal lands to individual Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, Native American lands became subject to taxation. resulting in new and impossible financial burdens, foreclosures, and subsequent tax sales of property. The Oneida delegates were equally suspicious of the BIA's emphasis on the rights of individual landowners, since in the late nineteenth century many individual Native Americans had been convinced by unscrupulous speculators to sell their lands. Finally, the offer of a lump-sum payment was unanimously opposed by the Oneida delegates, who saw that changing the terms of a treaty might jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty. 
As a result of the 1956 meeting, the Oneida rejected readjustment. Instead, they determined to improve tribal life by lobbying for federal monies for postsecondary education, for the improvement of drainage on tribal lands, and for the building of a convalescent home for tribal members. Thus, by learning the lessons of history, the Oneida were able to survive as a tribe in their homeland.   1 
 1. Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the Passage?

(A) the establishment among Native Americans of tribal system of elected government
(B) the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history 
(C) the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas 
(D) the development of a large-scale effort to restore Native American lands to their original tribes
(E) the reaffirmation of federal treaty obligations to Native American tribes

2 
 2. According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to

(A) obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe 
(B) pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal Lands 
(C) secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States 
(D) establish new kinds of tribal institutions
(E) cultivate a life-style similar to that of other United States citizens

3 
 3.Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole

(A) It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage. 
(B) It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs
(C) lt compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict.
(D) It analyzes the causes of a specific historical event and predicts a future development.
(E) It outlines the history of a government agency.

4 
 4.The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to

(A) contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomena 
(B) account for the stance of the Native American leadership
(C) help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement 
(D) explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats
(E) foster support for the policy of readjustment

5 
 5.The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans

(A) The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations. 
(B) The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens.
(C) The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans.
(D) The federal government should share its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders
(E)The federal government should observe all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans

6 
 6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as

(A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges 
(B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe
(C) a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government
(D) an important step toward recognition of their nation
(E) an obsolete agreement without relevance for their current condition

7 
 7.Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000 ?

(A) A university offers a student a four-year scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a different school because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses
(B) A company seeking to reduce its payroll obligations offers an employee a large bonus if he will accept early retirement; the employee refuses because he does not want to compromise an outstanding worker's compensation suit
(C) Parents of a teenager offer to pay her at the end of the month for performing weekly chores rather than paying her on a weekly basis; the teenager refuses because she has number of financial obligations that she must meet early in the month
(D) A car dealer offers a customer a S500 cash payment for buying a new car: the customer refuses because she does not want to pay taxes on the amount, and requests instead that her monthly payments be reduced by a proportionate amount. 
(E) A landlord offers a tenant several months rent-free in exchange for the tenant's agreeing not to demand that her apartment be painted every two years, as is required by the lease the tenant refuses because she would have to spend her own time painting the apartment.

philipssonicare · Accepted Answer

1. Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the Passage?

Paragraph 1:  the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs and encouraged the assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society

(A) the establishment among Native Americans of tribal system of elected government 
Maybe that would be allowed. It doesn’t seem very assimilation-y, but it’s not government involvment
 (B) the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history 
Not explicit, but this could mean government involvement. Both A and B are bad, I think A is slightly less bad.  A 
 (C) the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas 
This does seem to have federal government involvement, at least in the short-term, to get the Natives off the reservations. But it definitely supports the latter half of readjustment – encouraging assimilation.  C 
 (D) the development of a large-scale effort to restore Native American lands to their original tribes 
This seems the complete opposite of readjustment. Large-scale effort presumably by government. Give them their land and have them separate, not assimilating.  C 
 (E) the reaffirmation of federal treaty obligations to Native American tribes 
This is opposing. Obligations means continued involvement. It may not stop assimilation, but it strong involvement.  C

2. According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to

Final part of Para 3:   the Oneida rejected readjustment. Instead, they determined to improve tribal life by lobbying for federal monies for postsecondary education, for the improvement of drainage on tribal lands, and for the building of a convalescent home for tribal members

(A) obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe  
Yes. Lobbying is a form of ‘resolving to’
 (B) pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal Lands 
Not mentioned at all. It seems they already have some land  A 
 (C) secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States 
They seem to already have it. The Govt had to attempt a deal as it was already secure. Even if not the case, not mentioned that they will seek something legal  A 
 (D) establish new kinds of tribal institutions 
First paragraph mentions ‘However, the same years also saw the emergence of a Native American leadership and efforts to develop tribal institutions and reaffirm tribal identity’, but that isn’t after the 1956 meeting.  A  
 (E) cultivate a life-style similar to that of other United States citizens 
Secondary school, old age care etc may be ‘a lifestyle similar’, but they may already have a similar lifestyle, so not something only post-meeting. Can also be argued that living separately on tribal lands is not a similar lifestyle  A

3.Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole

(A) It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage. 
Yes. We know what readjustment is (Govt policy), we know about the emergence of a Native American leadership and efforts to develop tribal institutions and reaffirm tribal identity
 (B) It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs 
The passage does present two positions (as noted in option A), but evidence is not defended in later paragraphs. Apparently the natives ‘won’, but I haven’t been convinced about their position (maybe readjustment would have been better)  A 
 (C) lt compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict. 
No. The two parties (Natives and Government) come to the ‘conflict’ with different viewpoints, but there is no indication that they come away from the ‘conflict’ with different interpretations  A 
 (D) It analyzes the causes of a specific historical event and predicts a future development. 
There is no prediction in the first paragraph A 
 (E) It outlines the history of a government agency. 
No. It describes a period of time and differing views rather than a government agency (it may only be a small part of BIA anyway – their dealings with this particular group of Natives when there could be thousands) A

4. The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to 
 (A) contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomena 
Perhaps. We’d have to bring in a lot of prior knowledge. It does not seem to engender a comparison
 (B) account for the stance of the Native American leadership 
No. The civil rights movement pushed the Govt stance. The Native stance was “However, the same years also saw the emergence of a Native American leadership and efforts to develop tribal institutions and reaffirm tribal identity” with however showing it as opposing the civil rights movement position. This is emphasised by the ‘clash’ in the next sentence  A 
 (C) help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement 
This is good. ‘Because the increased awareness of civil rights, …the readjustment movement XXXX’. Much better than the completely unsupported ‘contrast’ in option A.  C 
 (D) explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats 
‘Motives’ isn’t a great word. The bureaucrats may have a different motivation and can use the civil rights movement as a cover (stuff the natives, civil rights to stop paying them money). This is supported by ‘helped reinforce’ – there was already an existing idea, the civil rights movement only acted as an impetus  C 
 (E) foster support for the policy of readjustment 
It could be construed that way: ‘associated with civil rights must be good’. But an appeal to justice etc wasn’t used. “helped reinforce the belief…” and what helped reinforce the belief ‘Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades’  C

5.The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans

the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs and encouraged the assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society

(A) The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations.  
Readjustment is about Govt getting out of Natives lives and Native integration into society. This is opposed
 (B) The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens.  
Yes.  B 
 (C) The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans.  
This is govt involvement  B 
 (D) The federal government should share its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders 
This may or may not be less government involvement. This may or may not be mainstream society. It doesn’t particularly advocate like B does.  B 
 (E)The federal government should observe all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans  
This is out of scope. Not mentioned that govt is ignoring provisions prior to 1956.  B

6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as

(A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges  
Yes. The right to get 500 in perpetuity. The privilege to not pay real estate tax.
  (B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe 
Not refuted. Maybe it caused big problems in the past. It could even be construed that the rights and privileges given under Canandaigua have ostracised the natives and created a barrier to exercising rights under the Constitution. But that is construed, not suggested.  A 
  (C) a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government 
The Natives already have this agreement  A 
  (D) an important step toward recognition of their nation 
See C  A 
  (E) an obsolete agreement without relevance for their current condition  
No. It’s not obsolete as they still get money and no tax. Those are clearly relevant to the current condition A

7.Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000 ?

The BIA suggested that it would be to the Oneida's benefit to own their own property and, like other homeowners, pay real estate taxes on it. The BIA also emphasized that, after readjustment, the government would not attempt to restrict Native Americans' ability to sell their individually owned lands. The Oneida were then offered a one-time lump-sum payment of $60,000 in lieu of the $500 annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member of the tribe  
So. Lump sum (short term). No perpetuity (long term). Gain option to sell land (short-term)Lose tax-free (long-term). Short-term gain for long-term pain both money and rights. All offers by government.

(A) A university offers a student a four-year scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a different school because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses 
This has the money aspect, but the are no long-term rights  
(B) A company seeking to reduce its payroll obligations offers an employee a large bonus if he will accept early retirement; the employee refuses because he does not want to compromise an outstanding worker's compensation suit 
Money, yes (lump sum for wages). Rights, yes (no work, no lawsuit).  B 
  (C) Parents of a teenager offer to pay her at the end of the month for performing weekly chores rather than paying her on a weekly basis; the teenager refuses because she has number of financial obligations that she must meet early in the month 
This is delayed payment, not upfront payment B 
  (D) A car dealer offers a customer a S500 cash payment for buying a new car: the customer refuses because she does not want to pay taxes on the amount, and requests instead that her monthly payments be reduced by a proportionate amount.  
This is a  request  and not an offer from the car dealer B 
  (E) A landlord offers a tenant several months rent-free in exchange for the tenant's agreeing not to demand that her apartment be painted every two years, as is required by the lease the tenant refuses because she would have to spend her own time painting the apartment.  
No lumpsum payment (long-term rent reduction). No short-term rights gain. B

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

6. The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as

Explanation

The treaty in question is mentioned only once, in the  last sentence of Paragraph 2 , but it is implicitly alluded to at the  end of Paragraph 3  and it’s there that the answer to Question to be found. How come? Because (as you’ll recall), each of the offers made by the BIA in  Paragraph 2  got an Oneida reaction, and each reaction is described in turn in  Paragraph 3 . This is an excellent example of how some questions require you to relate two or more references from different parts of the passage, and you’ve got to stay heads-up or you’ll blow it. The  “lump-sum payment”  was of course  “in lieu of”  the Canandaigua Treaty provisions, which the Oneida were clearly loath to change because doing so might put at risk certain ongoing land claims.

(A)  is a bit vague but on target. At least it gets the positive tone right. Of the wrong  choices, (B) and (E)  can be eliminated on the basis of their negative tone. It’s not the Treaty that was a source of problems  (B)  but the readjustment policy, and  (E)  is a genuine au contraire choice — one which gives us the exact opposite of what the question is asking for.  “An obsolete agreement” ?

(C) and (D)  are positive statements but poor choices. Since the tribe and the government were already bound together by the Canandaigua Treaty, the delegates would have no reason to view the treaty as a model for a potential future agreement with the federal government  (C) .

And as for  (D) , it’s really reaching to describe the Oneidas’ desire to affirm tribal identity as an aspiration to become  “an independent...nation” ; and even if that were a fair characterization, the passage never links it up with the Canandaigua Treaty.

Answer: A

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Explanation

7. Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000?

Explanation

Lines in the second para

The Oneida were then offered a one-time lump-sum payment of $60,000 in lieu of the $0.52 annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member of the tribe under the Canandaigua Treaty.

describe the payment and  lines in the third para

Finally, the offer of a lump-sum payment was unanimously opposed by the Oneida delegates, who saw that changing the terms of a treaty might jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty.

describe the refusal. Remember, the rejection was not based on financial grounds, but on the fact that the $60,000 would alter the terms of the Canandaigua Treaty and jeopardize certain pending land claims. So a parallel situation would involve someone turning down an offer not on financial grounds, but because it would have dire legal consequences. That’s  (B) , of course — and notice that the gesture of the Oneidas and that of the employee share a certain selflessness that makes the parallel even tighter. None of the other choices reflects this logic.

In choices  (A), (C) and (D) , the student, the teenager, and the customer, respectively, refuse the deals offered to them by the university, the parents, and the car dealer, respectively, purely on financial grounds. In none of these scenarios is a deal refused for a legal reason (or, for that matter, a selfless one).

Finally, although the scenario in  choice (E)  involves a legal issue, the tenant really refuses the landlord’s offer because it would inconvenience her, not because accepting it might jeopardize a legal position.

Answer: B

Hope it helps

jayarora · Answer

I think para 1 sets the stage for the entire idea behind the passage. Once you understand it, rest of the passage becomes a simpler read

Para 1 1: One event envisaged equal civil rights for the tribals (and hence moving away from reservations) while another event wanted them to form their own institution and stay as tribals. These conflicting ideas were used by BIA to convince a tribe to join readjustment that was supported by the first event Para 2: How BIA tried to convince the tribe to join readjustment policy (proposed benefits of readjustment) Para 3: Why tribe rejected readjustment Para 4: What alternate course of action did the tribe pursue 1. Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the Passage? (A) the establishment among Native Americans of tribal system of elected government (B) the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history (C) the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed to citizens under the United States Constitution Basically saying that reservations were bad in way and hence tribals should come under the larger umbrella of US citizens (D) the development of a large-scale effort to restore Native American lands to their original tribes (E) the reaffirmation of federal treaty obligations to Native American tribes 2. According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to (A) obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe Clearly mentioned in para 4. (B) pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal Lands (C) secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States (D) establish new kinds of tribal institutions (E) cultivate a life-style similar to that of other United States citizens 3.Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole (A) It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage. Captured in paragraph summary 1. Both the events highlighted the conflict (B) It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs (C) lt compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict. (D) It analyzes the causes of a specific historical event and predicts a future development. (E) It outlines the history of a government agency 4.The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to (A) contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomena (B) account for the stance of the Native American leadership (C) help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement Yes this was the force that supported why readjustment was the way ahead since reservations prevented the exercise of these civil rights (D) explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats (E) foster support for the policy of readjustment 5.The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans (A) The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations. (B) The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens. the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs (C) The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans. (D) The federal government should share its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders (E)The federal government should observe all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans 6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as (A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges changing the terms of a treaty might jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty. The treaty had higher value rights attached to it and hence going against one of the terms of the treaty would have been a major risk. (B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe (C) a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government (D) an important step toward recognition of their nation (E) an obsolete agreement without relevance for their current condition 7.Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000 ? Look for a situation where short term monetary benefit is foregone for a long term monetary benefit. Only (B) fits in. (A) A university offers a student a four-year scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a different school because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses (B) A company seeking to reduce its payroll obligations offers an employee a large bonus if he will accept early retirement; the employee refuses because he does not want to compromise an outstanding worker's compensation suit (C) Parents of a teenager offer to pay her at the end of the month for performing weekly chores rather than paying her on a weekly basis; the teenager refuses because she has number of financial obligations that she must meet early in the month (D) A car dealer offers a customer a S500 cash payment for buying a new car: the customer refuses because she does not want to pay taxes on the amount, and requests instead that her monthly payments be reduced by a proportionate amount. (E) A landlord offers a tenant several months rent-free in exchange for the tenant's agreeing not to demand that her apartment be painted every two years, as is required by the lease the tenant refuses because she would have to spend her own time painting the apartment

SiffyB · Answer

Took a total of 10 min 35 seconds and got 6/7 correct.

(04:09)
 1. Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the Passage?
 
(A) the establishment among Native Americans of tribal system of elected government
(B) the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history
  (C) the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas 
 (D) the development of a large-scale effort to restore Native American lands to their original tribes
(E) the reaffirmation of federal treaty obligations to Native American tribes

According to the first paragraph of the passage, " the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs and encouraged the assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society." Here, assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream means to encourage them to physically move out of their native homes/regions/reservations and live/mix with the urban americans. This is stated in option (C), which is the correct option.
 
(00:44)
 2. According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to
 
  (A) obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe 
 (B) pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal Lands
(C) secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States
(D) establish new kinds of tribal institutions
(E) cultivate a life-style similar to that of other United States citizens

The answer to this question can be determined by analysing the penultimate sentence of the final paragraph. It goes: "Instead, they determined to improve tribal life by lobbying for federal monies for postsecondary education, for the improvement of drainage on tribal lands, and for the building of a convalescent home for tribal members." This sentence can be paraphrased as - Native Americans demanded improvement of various systems and conditions of their tribe. This is coherently implied in option (A).

(01:53)
 3.Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole
 
  (A) It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage. 
 (B) It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs
(C) lt compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict.
(D) It analyzes the causes of a specific historical event and predicts a future development.
(E) It outlines the history of a government agency.

Conflict: readjustement vs the Native American leadership
Negotations: Meeting in the fall of 1956.
The first paragraph sets the tone for the conflict that led to the negotations discussed in the remainder of the passage. Thus, option (A) is correct.
Now, why is option (B) not the correct answer?
While the first paragraph does state two positions - one pro-readjustment (BIA) and one against it (Native American leadership), the author does not defend any of them. The author gives out facts throughout the passage and even towards the end, she does not support or reject the decision of the Oneida people. Thus, the author did not defend any of the sides. This option is incorrect for this reason.

(00:34)
 4.The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to
 
(A) contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomena
(B) account for the stance of the Native American leadership
  (C) help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement 
 (D) explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats
(E) foster support for the policy of readjustment

I got this answer incorrect. So, i'll skip giving my two cents on it.

(01:10)
 5.The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans
 
(A) The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations.
  (B) The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens. 
 (C) The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans.
(D) The federal government should share its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders
(E)The federal government should observe all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans

This is a pretty straightforward question. The first paragraph states that "he readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs". A re-word of the same is option (B).

(00:38)
 6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as
 
  (A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges 
 (B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe
(C) a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government
(D) an important step toward recognition of their nation
(E) an obsolete agreement without relevance for their current condition

The final paragraph of the passage states that "changing the terms of a treaty might jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty." This means that the treaty was valuable to the Oneida people and they did not want to lose it. This scenario is encapsulated in option (A) which is the correct option.

(02:07)
 7.Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000 ?
 
(A) A university offers a student a four-year scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a different school because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses
  (B) A company seeking to reduce its payroll obligations offers an employee a large bonus if he will accept early retirement; the employee refuses because he does not want to compromise an outstanding worker's compensation suit 
 (C) Parents of a teenager offer to pay her at the end of the month for performing weekly chores rather than paying her on a weekly basis; the teenager refuses because she has number of financial obligations that she must meet early in the month
(D) A car dealer offers a customer a S500 cash payment for buying a new car: the customer refuses because she does not want to pay taxes on the amount, and requests instead that her monthly payments be reduced by a proportionate amount.
(E) A landlord offers a tenant several months rent-free in exchange for the tenant's agreeing not to demand that her apartment be painted every two years, as is required by the lease the tenant refuses because she would have to spend her own time painting the apartment.

The Oneida people did not want to take the lumpsum amount of $60,000 in place of $500 gratuity that they will have received till perpetuity (forever). They did not want to lose the opportunity of making more money ("jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the treaty"). A scenario almost identical to this one is stated in option (B). Here, the employees don't want to retire and take a huge bonus because they don't want to lose out on all the salaries and benefits they would receive if they kept their job.

Feel free to question/reason/request for further clearance on anything stated in this post. I'd be happy to help.

rishit924 · Answer

Took 20 mins.
6/7 right.
I am a beginner. please suggest, how can I work on my timing?

SiffyB · Answer

Hi rishit924 , I suspect you take a lot of time because you do a lot of back and forth when solving questions - meaning you read the passage, then read the question, then go back to the passage to find where the solution might be, then take a lot of time to search for the location, then go back to the question and read it again, and so on. What you're doing might be different from the above scenario but as long as you're shunting between the passage and the questions, you are bound to take a lot of time. My suggestion is to thoroughly understand the passage before moving to the questions. Thoroughly comprehending the passage includes note-taking. Don't write everything but only the value points or the summary of each paragraph. This way when you read a question, you know exactly where you have to search in the passage to get its answer. Also, try understanding the question thoroughly so that you don't have to go back and read it again. NOTE that thoroughly understanding the passage/question might take a few seconds extra but the amount of time you save overall because of better comprehension will work massively in your favour. Initially you might feel as if you are taking a lot more/the same amount of time using this technique. That's simply because you're not accustomed to doing this. Practice and then practice some more and your timing will plummet for sure! Do try this out and let me know whether this helps. Also, if there are any other specific queries, feel free to reach out.

iamdivs · Answer

Can someone explain how moving to urban areas is anywhere near the context of the passage. It is nowhere mentioned in the passage yet the correct answer in Q1 seems to suggest that. Thanks!

SiffyB · Answer

Hi  iamdivs ,

For the purpose of understanding this bit, pay attention to the first paragraph. I'm going to quote the sentences that clearly explain your query.

".....life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed to citizens under the United States Constitution" . - This means that their native home/land (reservation) is maybe remote/devoid of technology/is lacking some other aspect that has prevented the Native Americans from exercising their rights as citizens of the US.

"...the readjustment movement advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs and encouraged the assimilation of Native Americans as individuals into mainstream society."
  - Assimilation means absorbing/adjusting/mixing. Here assimilation of Natives into the mainstream society means a shift in their native place. The readjustment policy encouraged the Native Americans to leave their reservations (native homes) and shift to a place where they would no longer be depreived of exercising rights guaranteed to US citizens. This place is clearly an urban area as opposed to the rural reservations that the Natives call home.

Hope that helps!

RohitSaluja · Answer

Hi  GMATNinja   VeritasKarishma  can you please help me with question no 6, I can't seem to understand where in the passage is implied that Oneida delegates found the treaty as a valuable safeguard. If anything it has been criticized in para 3.

KarishmaB · Answer

You are confusing "Canandaigua Treaty" with "a meeting that took place in the fall of 1956". 
Note last line of second paragraph.

...The Oneida were then offered a one-time lump-sum payment of $60,000 in lieu of the $500 annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member of the tribe under the Canandaigua Treaty.

The Oneida were getting $500 annuity under the Canandaigua Treaty. 
Para 3 tells us that they rejected "readjustment (one time payment of $60k)" offered at the meeting of 1956 and stuck to the terms of the Canandaigua Treaty (they wanted to continue getting $500 annuity). So they must have seen value in it.

mayuri1404nayak · Answer

1. Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the Passage?

(A) the establishment among Native Americans of tribal system of elected government.  this is opposite of readjustment 
(B) the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history  not mentioned regarding language 
(C) the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas- 
  readjustment encourages inclusion into mainstream society 
(D) the development of a large-scale effort to restore Native American lands to their original tribes-  this is opposite of readjustment 
(E) the reaffirmation of federal treaty obligations to Native American tribes-  1st para discusses readjustment encourages end of federal government involvement in Native affairs, hence this line is opposite with readjustment

2. According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to

(A) obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe In the last line of the last paragraph,  it is mentioned that Oneida were determined to improved life by lobbying 
(B) pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal Lands  They already were trying to reclaim tribal lands 
(C) secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States  No mention to secure unique status 
(D) establish new kinds of tribal institutions  This is mentioned in first para , however it was already started before the meeting 
(E) cultivate a life-style similar to that of other United States citizens  they wanted to improve tribal life not similarity with other US citizens

3.Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole

(A) It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage.  first para discusses increased awareness of civil right lead to government introducing readjustment policy , however new leadership emerged, this led to clash between the two, cause of which is due to underlying negotiation which happened after 1956 meeting correct 
(B) It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs 
(C) lt compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict. there is no competing interpretations
(D) It analyzes the causes of a specific historical event and predicts a future development. this is mentioned in elsewhere in the passage
(E) It outlines the history of a government agency. No mention of history of government agency

4.The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to

(A) contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomenon  No mention of other social phenomenon 
(B) account for the stance of the Native American leadership. 
(C) help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement.  civil rights movement gave a push to government introducing readjustment policy . correct 
(D) explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats  motives of BIA not mentioned 
(E) foster support for the policy of readjustment  this seems correct but the passage doesn't talk about that civil rights gave support for readjustment policy

5.The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans

(A) The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations. 
(B) The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens.  The paragraph advocated the end of the federal government's involvement in Native American affairs .correct 
(C) The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social services to Native Americans.
(D) The federal government should share its responsibility for maintaining Native American territories with tribal leaders
(E)The federal government should observe all provisions of treaties made in the past with Native Americans

6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as

(A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges.  $500 annuity guaranteed without having to pay tax seemed a favorable option. correct 
(B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe.  negative views on past offers with others are discussed 
(C) a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government.  they viewed such agreement negatively 
(D) an important step toward recognition of their nation  no mention of recognition of nation 
(E) an obsolete agreement without relevance for their current condition .  the treaty is not obsolete as they don't have to ay tax

tnshrm637 · Answer

MartyMurray , I got the 6the question incorrect. I marked B as the correct answer. Can you please explain why A is the correct answer?

Thanks!
Tanu

MartyMurray · Answer

Here's question 6:

6.The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as

Scanning the passage for "the Canandaigua Treaty," we find the following:

The Oneida were then offered a one-time lump-sum payment of $60,000 in lieu of the $500 annuity guaranteed in perpetuity to each member of the tribe under  the Canandaigua Treaty .

Also, further down in the passage is the following:

Finally, the offer of a lump-sum payment was unanimously opposed by the Oneida delegates, who saw that changing the terms of a  treaty  might jeopardize the many pending land claims based upon the  treaty .

Here's (B).

(B) the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe

The statements we've already found don't indicate that the treatywas "the source of many past problems." On the contrary, the second statement seems to indicate that the treaty was important to the tribe for what it supported, but we should check the passage to see whether there is some other information that supports this choice.

Reviewing the passage, we see that the third paragraph does mention some past problems. However, those problems, "taxation of Native American lands" and "Native Americans had been convinced by unscrupulous speculators to sell their lands," did not result from the existence treaty but rather resulted from other things. Also, the above second statement about the treaty follows the discussion of those past problems and indicates that the treaty, if anything, helps to prevent similar problems from occurring.

So, choice (B) is basically contrary to what the passage says about the treaty.

Now, let's see why (A) is correct:

(A) a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges

Given what we've already discussed in considering choice (B), we see that the treaty did serve to safeguard Oneida rights and privileges, and taken as a whole, the discussion in the third paragraph of the treaty and how the Oneida responded to the proposal of changing the terms of the treaty indicate that the Oneida delegates considered the treaty "a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges."

So, (A) is supported by the passage.

Takeaway:  The key to getting a question like this one correct and choosing a correct answer like (A) rather than an trap choice like (B) is to be very clear about what's said about what in the passage.

Choice (B) can be considered Nearby trap choice. A Nearby trap choice works by taking information in the passage close to mentions of the topic of the question, in this case, information about problems close to mentions of the treaty, to create a vibe of being supported by the passage even though it isn't really.

During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed

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GMAT Reading Comprehension (RC) Questions

During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed

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