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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 17 Aug 2021, 09:45
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GMATNinja
Quote:
(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles
(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling
We can ditch (A) and (B) pretty quickly: "and" is followed by a phrase beginning with "that" -- and there's nothing earlier in the sentence that could possibly be parallel to the phrase beginning with "that."

Quote:
(C) found in the Philippines and resembling
(C) doesn't SOUND parallel, but it is!

"Found" is just an adjective that modifies the animal, and so is "resembling." Sure, they don't sound the same, but they're both adjectives, so we're all good here. Let's keep (C).

(And for more on parallelism and "-ing" words, check out this article: https://gmatclub.com/forum/experts-topi ... 39780.html).

Quote:
(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
The parallelism isn't quite right in (D), either. The phrase that follows "and" is a brand-new clause: "it resembles a hummingbird." And that can't possibly be correct here, since "it resembles a hummingbird" isn't parallel to "that is found in the Philippines". Besides, the underlined portion is part of a modifier, and I have no idea why we would stick a full, independent clause inside that modifier. So (D) is gone.

So we're down to (C) and (E). Here's the sentence again, with (E) punched in:
Quote:
(E) First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head...
The trouble here is that we have a messy (and unnecessary) "double modifier": "that is found in the Philippines" modifies the animal, and so does the phrase "resembling a hummingbird." Notice that (C) puts these two modifiers in a nice, parallel structure, with an "and" separating the two modifiers ("found..." and "resembling..."). That isn't happening in (E) -- it's almost as if "resembling a hummingbird" is trying to modify the other modifier, "that is found in the Philippines," and that just doesn't make any sense.

(C) is much clearer, and it's our winner.
Show more


Help me out here with A.
Stem: Lina's bird
Element 1: found in the Philippines AND
Element 2: that resembles a hummingbird

Lina's bird found in the Philippines AND Lina's bird that resembles a hummingbird, has ...
I find this okay, where am I wrong?
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 23 Aug 2021, 09:33
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Quote:
(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles
(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling
We can ditch (A) and (B) pretty quickly: "and" is followed by a phrase beginning with "that" -- and there's nothing earlier in the sentence that could possibly be parallel to the phrase beginning with "that."

Quote:
(C) found in the Philippines and resembling
(C) doesn't SOUND parallel, but it is!

"Found" is just an adjective that modifies the animal, and so is "resembling." Sure, they don't sound the same, but they're both adjectives, so we're all good here. Let's keep (C).

(And for more on parallelism and "-ing" words, check out this article: https://gmatclub.com/forum/experts-topi ... 39780.html).

Quote:
(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles
The parallelism isn't quite right in (D), either. The phrase that follows "and" is a brand-new clause: "it resembles a hummingbird." And that can't possibly be correct here, since "it resembles a hummingbird" isn't parallel to "that is found in the Philippines". Besides, the underlined portion is part of a modifier, and I have no idea why we would stick a full, independent clause inside that modifier. So (D) is gone.

So we're down to (C) and (E). Here's the sentence again, with (E) punched in:
Quote:
(E) First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head...
The trouble here is that we have a messy (and unnecessary) "double modifier": "that is found in the Philippines" modifies the animal, and so does the phrase "resembling a hummingbird." Notice that (C) puts these two modifiers in a nice, parallel structure, with an "and" separating the two modifiers ("found..." and "resembling..."). That isn't happening in (E) -- it's almost as if "resembling a hummingbird" is trying to modify the other modifier, "that is found in the Philippines," and that just doesn't make any sense.

(C) is much clearer, and it's our winner.


Help me out here with A.
Stem: Lina's bird
Element 1: found in the Philippines AND
Element 2: that resembles a hummingbird

Lina's bird found in the Philippines AND Lina's bird that resembles a hummingbird, has ...
I find this okay, where am I wrong?
GMATNinja
Show more
Good question! The problem is that when the parallel elements are different kinds of modifiers, it can create a sense of confusion.

Consider the following examples,

    1). Tim, annoying and boring, tries to compensate for his perceived flaws by bringing exotic animals into the house.

    2) Tim, annoying and who is boring, tries to compensate for his perceived flaws by bringing exotic animals into the house.


When I see the parallel trigger, "and" in (1), I notice the word "boring," which seems to function like an adjective. So to complete the parallel construction, I want a similar adjective-type modifier earlier in the sentence. In this case, "annoying" fits the bill. Looks good. (Notice that these adjectives don't have to both be "-ing." Tim could be "tall" and "boring" too.)

But when I see "and" in (2), I see the modifying clause "who is boring." Naturally, I start looking for another modifying "who" clause that comes earlier. Tim, who is "x' and who is "y." Except I can't find one. Is it a rule that an adjective can never be parallel to a modifying clause? No. But in this case, it's confusing, so I'd definitely prefer the first construction.

Same deal here. When I see "and that resembles" in (A), my first thought is that I want to find another "that" clause earlier in the sentence to be parallel to the second one. An animal that is x and that is y. But I don't have that.

Contrast that with (C). When I see "and resembling" I want another adjective, which I have in "found."

Is (A) 100% wrong? It's debatable. But the different types of modifiers create a confusion that I don't have in (C). I prefer the clearer construction, so (C) wins, even if (A) doesn't violate an ironclad rule.

I hope that helps!
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 27 Aug 2021, 02:12
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Quote:
(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles

Help me out here with A.
Stem: Lina's bird
Element 1: found in the Philippines AND
Element 2: that resembles a hummingbird

Lina's bird found in the Philippines AND Lina's bird that resembles a hummingbird, has ...
I find this okay, where am I wrong?
GMATNinja
Good question! The problem is that when the parallel elements are different kinds of modifiers, it can create a sense of confusion.

Consider the following examples,

    1). Tim, annoying and boring, tries to compensate for his perceived flaws by bringing exotic animals into the house.

    2) Tim, annoying and who is boring, tries to compensate for his perceived flaws by bringing exotic animals into the house.


When I see the parallel trigger, "and" in (1), I notice the word "boring," which seems to function like an adjective. So to complete the parallel construction, I want a similar adjective-type modifier earlier in the sentence. In this case, "annoying" fits the bill. Looks good. (Notice that these adjectives don't have to both be "-ing." Tim could be "tall" and "boring" too.)

But when I see "and" in (2), I see the modifying clause "who is boring." Naturally, I start looking for another modifying "who" clause that comes earlier. Tim, who is "x' and who is "y." Except I can't find one. Is it a rule that an adjective can never be parallel to a modifying clause? No. But in this case, it's confusing, so I'd definitely prefer the first construction.

Same deal here. When I see "and that resembles" in (A), my first thought is that I want to find another "that" clause earlier in the sentence to be parallel to the second one. An animal that is x and that is y. But I don't have that.

Contrast that with (C). When I see "and resembling" I want another adjective, which I have in "found."

Is (A) 100% wrong? It's debatable. But the different types of modifiers create a confusion that I don't have in (C). I prefer the clearer construction, so (C) wins, even if (A) doesn't violate an ironclad rule.

I hope that helps!
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Thankyou so much GMATNinja for replying and explaining so clearly. Thanks
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 27 Jan 2022, 05:08
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Dear Friends,

Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
joesamson
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.


(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles

(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling

(C) found in the Philippines and resembling

(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

(E) that is found in the Philippines, resembling

Show more

Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:
Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of the crucial part of this sentence is that Lina's sunbird is a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and resembling a hummingbird.

Concepts tested here: Meaning + Verb Forms + Parallelism

A: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between "found in the Philippines" and "that resembles a hummingbird"; please remember, any elements linked by a conjunction ("and" in this sentence) must be parallel.

B: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between "found in the Philippines" and "that...has shimmering metallic colors on its head"; please remember, any elements linked by a conjunction ("and" in this sentence) must be parallel.

C: Correct. This answer choice uses the phrase "and resembling a hummingbird", conveying the intended meaning - that Lina's sunbird is a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and as a separate action, it resembles a hummingbird. Further, Option A correctly maintains parallelism between "found in the Philippines" and "resembling a hummingbird".

D: This answer choice fails to maintain parallelism between "found in the Philippines" and "it resembles a hummingbird"; please remember, any elements linked by a conjunction ("and" in this sentence) must be parallel.

E: Trap. This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "resembling a hummingbird"; the use of the "comma + present participle ("verb+ing" - "resembling" in this sentence) incorrectly implies that Lina's sunbird is a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and as a result, it resembles a hummingbird; the intended meaning is that Lina's sunbird is a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and as a separate action, it resembles a hummingbird; please remember, the introduction of present participle ("verb+ing"- “resembling” in this case) after comma generally leads to a cause-effect relationship.

Hence, C is the best answer choice.

Additional Note: In Option C, "found" and "resembling" are parallel because they are both participles acting as modifiers on the noun "animal"; "found" is the past participle, and "resembling" is the present participle.

To understand the concept of "Comma + Present Participles for Cause-Effect Relationships" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~3 minutes):


All the best!
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 24 Jul 2022, 21:41
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Hello to Experts,
Option D- that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

Why is it not parallel?
that is referring to "half inch animal" , is found -verb i.e. we have pronoun + verb
and
it - referring to "half inch animal" , resembles- verb i.e. pronoun + verb

So, we have pronoun + verb and pronoun + verb. (which is right)
Though as per meaning there should be a modifier not clauses but why the structure is grammatically wrong?
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Hello to Experts,
Option D- that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

Why is it not parallel?
Show more

that is found in the Philippines
- Dependent clause

it resembles a hummingbird
- Independent clause

Generally speaking, a dependent clause is not parallel to an independent clause, especially when a better option is available.
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 26 Jul 2022, 05:58
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SolankiDas
Hello to Experts,
Option D- that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

Why is it not parallel?
that is referring to "half inch animal" , is found -verb i.e. we have pronoun + verb
and
it - referring to "half inch animal" , resembles- verb i.e. pronoun + verb

So, we have pronoun + verb and pronoun + verb. (which is right)
Though as per meaning there should be a modifier not clauses but why the structure is grammatically wrong?
Show more

Hello SolankiDas,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, "that is found in the Philippines" is a dependent clause, one that modifies the noun phrase "a four-and-a-half-inch animal", and " it resembles a hummingbird" is an independent clause.

Thus, the two cannot be parallel.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- Updated on: 28 Jul 2022, 20:17
Originally posted by StringArgs on 28 Jul 2022, 10:00.
Last edited by StringArgs on 28 Jul 2022, 20:17, edited 1 time in total.
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Hi GMATNinja, GMATNinjaTwo

A doubt: You mentioned in the SC series that option D option E has no active verb just a couple of modifiers. Isnt the clause 'the bird has metallic colors on its head' complete with a subject and an active verb 'has'?

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

In the above case the modifiers become
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

I would think the core to be: First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

i can see how 'having shimmering metallic colors' could work as a modifier but am confused about 'has metallic colors'.
Please help me understand. Thank you!
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Hi GMATNinja, GMATNinjaTwo

A doubt: You mentioned in the SC series that option D has no active verb just a couple of modifiers. Isnt the clause 'the bird has metallic colors on its head' complete with a subject and an active verb 'has'?

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

In the above case the modifiers become
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

I would think the core to be: First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

i can see how 'having shimmering metallic colors' could work as a modifier but am confused about 'has metallic colors'.
Please help me understand. Thank you!
Show more
Take another look at everything before the semicolon in (D):

Quote:
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and it resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head.
Show more

The portion in red is an independent clause, right? The "and" seems to suggest that it's connected to another independent clause that comes earlier in the sentence. But all we get is a bunch of modifiers in blue and the noun phrase "Lina's sunbird."

Sure, we eventually get what could be a main verb in the phrase "has shimmering metallic colors", but there's no way we can stick a full independent clause between another subject and verb. (Clearly, I can't write, "Tim and he is a jerk likes to yell at pigeons in the park.")

So that's the issue. Not that there's no main verb anywhere, but that there's no eligible main verb that creates a coherent first independent clause.

I hope that clears things up!
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 28 Jul 2022, 20:16
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Hi GMATNinja, GMATNinjaTwo

A doubt: You mentioned in the SC series that option D has no active verb just a couple of modifiers. Isnt the clause 'the bird has metallic colors on its head' complete with a subject and an active verb 'has'?

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

In the above case the modifiers become
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

I would think the core to be: First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

i can see how 'having shimmering metallic colors' could work as a modifier but am confused about 'has metallic colors'.
Please help me understand. Thank you!
Take another look at everything before the semicolon in (D):

Quote:
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and it resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

The portion in red is an independent clause, right? The "and" seems to suggest that it's connected to another independent clause that comes earlier in the sentence. But all we get is a bunch of modifiers in blue and the noun phrase "Lina's sunbird."

Sure, we eventually get what could be a main verb in the phrase "has shimmering metallic colors", but there's no way we can stick a full independent clause between another subject and verb. (Clearly, I can't write, "Tim and he is a jerk likes to yell at pigeons in the park.")

So that's the issue. Not that there's no main verb anywhere, but that there's no eligible main verb that creates a coherent first independent clause.

I hope that clears things up!
Show more

Oops apologies, the option where the doubt is E and not D. E uses two modifiers (avoids the clause in the middle issue)
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

And makes the structure: (you mentioned that there's a structure issue here because we dont quite have a working main verb. I am tempted to think 'Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head' has a working verb.

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird,
(modifier 1) a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines,
(modifier2)resembling a hummingbird,
(rest of the clause?) has (A) shimmering metallic colors on its head;(B)a brilliant orange patch,bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and (C)a red eye.

Thanks for the help GMATNinja
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Hi GMATNinja, GMATNinjaTwo

A doubt: You mentioned in the SC series that option D has no active verb just a couple of modifiers. Isnt the clause 'the bird has metallic colors on its head' complete with a subject and an active verb 'has'?

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

In the above case the modifiers become
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

I would think the core to be: First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

i can see how 'having shimmering metallic colors' could work as a modifier but am confused about 'has metallic colors'.
Please help me understand. Thank you!
Take another look at everything before the semicolon in (D):

Quote:
First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is found in the Philippines and it resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head.

The portion in red is an independent clause, right? The "and" seems to suggest that it's connected to another independent clause that comes earlier in the sentence. But all we get is a bunch of modifiers in blue and the noun phrase "Lina's sunbird."

Sure, we eventually get what could be a main verb in the phrase "has shimmering metallic colors", but there's no way we can stick a full independent clause between another subject and verb. (Clearly, I can't write, "Tim and he is a jerk likes to yell at pigeons in the park.")

So that's the issue. Not that there's no main verb anywhere, but that there's no eligible main verb that creates a coherent first independent clause.

I hope that clears things up!

Oops apologies, the option where the doubt is E and not D. E uses two modifiers (avoids the clause in the middle issue)
1.a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines
2.resembling a hummingbird

And makes the structure: (you mentioned that there's a structure issue here because we dont quite have a working main verb. I am tempted to think 'Lina's sunbird has shimmering metallic colors on its head' has a working verb.

First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird,
(modifier 1) a four-and-a-half-inch animal that is that is found in the Philippines,
(modifier2)resembling a hummingbird,
(rest of the clause?) has (A) shimmering metallic colors on its head;(B)a brilliant orange patch,bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and (C)a red eye.

Thanks for the help GMATNinja
Show more
Ah, I see. Yeah, you've got a point -- you can certainly argue that there's a main verb separated from the subject by a couple of modifiers.

The problem is the way those modifiers work. Take another look at the relevant portion:

Quote:
that is found in the Philippines, resembling a hummingbird
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Notice that "resembling" follows a comma and a clause. Typically the "-ing" in this construction will modify the previous clause, but that makes no sense here. The sunbird doesn't resemble a hummingbird because it's found in the Philippines, right?

Could you reread the sentence a few times and figure out that "resembling a hummingbird" should be modifying "Lina's sunbird?" Sure. But the modifier placement makes that really hard to see.

In (C), the modifiers are joined by "and," making it crystal-clear that both modifiers are doing the same thing: describing the sunbird.

All to say: you're correct that technically, we can't just eliminate (E) because it lacks a main verb. It doesn't. But we can eliminate it because of the illogical modifier usage.

I hope that clears things up!
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 07 Mar 2023, 07:45
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.


(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles

(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling

(C) found in the Philippines and resembling

(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

(E) that is found in the Philippines, resembling




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https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/21/science/new-species-of-bird-is-discovered-or-rediscovered-in-philippines.html

THE tiny sunbirds, with their dazzling colors and long pointed bills for sipping nectar from flowers in tropical forests, are in many ways the Old World counterparts of the hummingbirds of the Americas. Sunbirds are found from Africa, where they are especially abundant, to the islands of Southeast Asia; like the hummingbirds, there is a large number of known species: 126 to be exact with the discovery, being announced today, of a new sunbird on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao.

Lina's sunbird is a four-and-a-half-inch-long avian jewel that Dr. Robert S. Kennedy, a researcher at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science, described as generally green above and yellow below, with shimmering metallic colors on the head, wings and tail; a brilliant orange patch in the center of the breast, bordered on the sides by scarlet tufts; and ''a blood-red eye that enhances the overall beauty of this rare sunbird.''
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This is a relatively simple question but it incorporates two interesting guidelines of GMAT about modifiers.

First, let’s break down the structure of the sentence:

First discovered more than 30 years ago - Past participle modifying Lina’s sunbird
Lina's sunbird - Subject
a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird - Appositive that renames the sunbird with modifiers
has – main verb
shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye – a list of characteristics

We need to worry about the appositive and the other modifiers within it. Let's look at each option in the sentence.

(A) ... a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird

‘found in the Philippines’ is a past participle modifier for ‘animal’. Also, ‘that resembles a hummingbird’ is a relative clause modifier for animal. The two are joined by ‘and’ but do not have parallel structure. Either both should be participial modifiers or both should be relative clauses.

(B) …Lina’s sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that, resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors…; a brilliant orange patch…; and a red eye.

Note what happens here – the main verb goes missing!
Lina’s sunbird - Subject
a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines – Appositive modifier
that has shimmering colors … - Relative clause modifying ‘sunbird’
resembling a hummingbird – Present participial modifier modifying ‘that’
Due to the extra set of commas around ‘resembling a hummingbird,’ the entire ‘that has metallic colors…’ has become a relative clause in which ‘has’ is the verb in the relative clause. Now we have no main verb. Hence the option is incorrect. Besides, we have connected two modifiers, a past participial modifier and a relative clause with ‘and.’ This is also not parallel.

(C) found in the Philippines and resembling

Here, ‘found in the Philippines’ and ‘resembling a hummingbird’ both are participial modifiers. One is a past participial modifier and the other is a present participial modifier which, as we discussed can be parallel to each other. Hence, this option is correct.

(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

Here, ‘that is found in the Philippines’ is a relative clause modifying ‘animal’ but it is connected to ‘it resembles a hummingbird’ which is an independent clause with ‘and.’ This is not correct. We cannot join a modifying relative clause with an independent clause. To be acceptable, this option should not have had ‘it.’ Then the entire thing would have been a relative clause.
… that is found in the Philippines and resembles a hummingbird …


(E) that is found in the Philippines, resembling

This is a case of stacked modifiers – relative clause ‘that is found in the Philippines’ and present participial modifier ‘resembling a hummingbird’ are stacked on top of each other with both modifying ‘animal.’ This should be avoided when it can because it is unclear that ‘resembling a hummingbird’ is also modifying ‘animal.’ Option (C) does a much better job by connecting the two modifiers by ‘and’ and using parallel structure.

Answer (C)
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 23 Apr 2023, 07:31
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.


(A) found in the Philippines and that resembles

(B) found in the Philippines and that, resembling

(C) found in the Philippines and resembling

(D) that is found in the Philippines and it resembles

(E) that is found in the Philippines, resembling

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Rule: All the elements in the list should be "of the same type". What does that mean? If an element is a noun, all the others should be nouns as well. If an element is a prepositional phrase, all the others should be prepositional phrases as well.
Now, it is very easy to identify a noun or a prepositional phrase. So, how does GMAT increase the difficulty level? Usually, on GMAT, the list consists of a mix of modifiers and clauses. Remember - a list could either contain all modifiers or all clauses, but not a mix of both.

Here, the marker word is "and", and the two entities of the list are:
1. found in the Philippines --> V+ed modifier
2. that resembles --> Clause

Oh, wonderful! We see that the list consists of a modifier and a clause. This is certainly incorrect. How can this be fixed? Either make both of the elements clauses or modifiers. Here's how we can do so-
[*] Both modifiers:
1. found in the Philippines --> V+ed modifier
2. resembling --> V+ing modifier

Remember: The two elements could be any type of modifier. They JUST need to be modifiers.

[*] Both clauses:
1. that is found in the Philippines --> clause
2. that resembles --> clause

Based on the above analysis, answer choice (C) is correct.

Another such example - https://gmatclub.com/forum/dressed-as-a ... 37264.html
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First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a- 29 Sep 2024, 01:54
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