Floating in the upper layer of the atmosphere, a group of scientifically made particles collects and transmits data on the interactions between cosmic rays and man-made
pollutants, interactions that affect the climate throughout the world.
What affects the climate?
Could it be
"cosmic rays and man-made pollutants" (as C E say), but in this case the singular verb is wrong: out C and E.
The word "
as" is used to compare functions:
I was hired as an intern (with the function of an intern). " (...) pollutants as the climate" makes no sense.
(A) pollutants, interactions that affect
(B) pollutants, with interactions affectingB says that "
particles collects and transmits (data) with interactions affecting (..)". This is nonsensical because it suggests that the actions of "
collect" and "
transmit" are done with interactions affecting the climate.
A is correct.