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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
41% (02:49) correct
59%
(02:55) wrong
based on 735
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
50% (01:17) correct 50%
(01:22) wrong
based on 394
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
78% (00:46) correct 22%
(00:46) wrong
based on 354
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Frederick Snyder proposed the idea that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep serves a sort of sentinel function because it is a state of much neural activity. The hypothesis is that episodes of REM sleep allow an animal to be ready to escape once awake should a predator attack, and that the brief periods of wakefulness associated with REM sleep also serve an antipredator function.
The sentinel hypothesis is appealing in many respects. Mammals in REM sleep are clearly more physiologically prepared for wakefulness than are those in deep slow-wave (SW) sleep. Furthermore, humans and rats can detect and process information to a surprising degree during REM sleep. Paradoxically, however, thresholds for arousal from REM sleep tend to be higher than from SW sleep. Additionally, the brief periods of wakefulness associated with REM sleep may not be frequent enough to have much benefit from an antipredator perspective.
Moreover, the hypothesis has never really been tested, and its predictions are not obvious. One would expect that REM sleep would be more prominent in species that suffer high predation or would become so when the perceived risk of predation increases. However, this prediction does not hold. One would also expect that an increase in predation risk would lead to shorter cycles of REM sleep and thus more arousals to wakefulness.
The sentinel hypothesis is appealing in many respects. Mammals in REM sleep are clearly more physiologically prepared for wakefulness than are those in deep slow-wave (SW) sleep. Furthermore, humans and rats can detect and process information to a surprising degree during REM sleep. Paradoxically, however, thresholds for arousal from REM sleep tend to be higher than from SW sleep. Additionally, the brief periods of wakefulness associated with REM sleep may not be frequent enough to have much benefit from an antipredator perspective.
Moreover, the hypothesis has never really been tested, and its predictions are not obvious. One would expect that REM sleep would be more prominent in species that suffer high predation or would become so when the perceived risk of predation increases. However, this prediction does not hold. One would also expect that an increase in predation risk would lead to shorter cycles of REM sleep and thus more arousals to wakefulness.
Based on the information in the first paragraph, it is most reasonable to attribute to Snyder which of the following assumptions?
A. Sleep that involves much neural activity is the least restful form of sleep.
B. The greater the amount of an animal's neural activity, the sharper its perception of the surrounding environment.
C. REM sleep occurs in most animal species and serves to protect them against predators.
D. REM sleep generally does not occur in animals except when they fear a high risk of predation.
E. Animals waking from sleep during low levels of neuroactivity are unlikely to achieve the fastest possible responses.
Which of the following claims about SW sleep can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?
A. Mammals are less sensitive to environmental stimuli during SW sleep than during REM sleep.
B. Mammals tend to enter SW sleep only when they perceive little or no risk of predation.
C. To be physiologically prepared to awaken, mammals in SW sleep must make a transition to REM sleep.
D. The lowest levels of neural activity during sleep tend to occur during SW sleep.
E. Some stimuli intense enough to awaken an animal from SW sleep may not awaken the animal from REM sleep.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. comparing the role of REM sleep with that of SW sleep
B. describing the role of neural activity in antipredator behavior
C. discussing a hypothesis about the role of REM sleep
D. exploring competing hypotheses about the role of REM sleep
E. suggesting some consequences of a hypothesis concerning the causes of REM sleep
A. Sleep that involves much neural activity is the least restful form of sleep.
B. The greater the amount of an animal's neural activity, the sharper its perception of the surrounding environment.
C. REM sleep occurs in most animal species and serves to protect them against predators.
D. REM sleep generally does not occur in animals except when they fear a high risk of predation.
E. Animals waking from sleep during low levels of neuroactivity are unlikely to achieve the fastest possible responses.
Which of the following claims about SW sleep can most reasonably be inferred from the passage?
A. Mammals are less sensitive to environmental stimuli during SW sleep than during REM sleep.
B. Mammals tend to enter SW sleep only when they perceive little or no risk of predation.
C. To be physiologically prepared to awaken, mammals in SW sleep must make a transition to REM sleep.
D. The lowest levels of neural activity during sleep tend to occur during SW sleep.
E. Some stimuli intense enough to awaken an animal from SW sleep may not awaken the animal from REM sleep.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. comparing the role of REM sleep with that of SW sleep
B. describing the role of neural activity in antipredator behavior
C. discussing a hypothesis about the role of REM sleep
D. exploring competing hypotheses about the role of REM sleep
E. suggesting some consequences of a hypothesis concerning the causes of REM sleep
Attachment:
RC-1.png [ 160.27 KiB | Viewed 10051 times ]
Question 1
AnayB
Hi Experts,
I have tried understanding in terms of the context -
REM -> lots of neural activity ; option E talks about waking up during low levels of neuro-activity sleep which is opposite of REM , how is this the assumption ?
Could someone please explain why option E is the right answer?
Thank-you for taking out the time to explain the same.
I have tried understanding in terms of the context -
REM -> lots of neural activity ; option E talks about waking up during low levels of neuro-activity sleep which is opposite of REM , how is this the assumption ?
Could someone please explain why option E is the right answer?
Thank-you for taking out the time to explain the same.
Quote:
1. Based on the information in the first paragraph, it is most reasonable to attribute to Snyder which of the following assumptions?
A. Sleep that involves much neural activity is the least restful form of sleep.
There's nothing in the first paragraph (or the entire passage for that matter) about how restful REM sleep is compared to other types of sleep, so (A) can be eliminated.A. Sleep that involves much neural activity is the least restful form of sleep.
Quote:
B. The greater the amount of an animal's neural activity, the sharper its perception of the surrounding environment.
The second paragraph does mention that "humans and rats can detect and process information to a surprising degree during REM sleep". However, that doesn't necessarily imply that there's a direct relationship between neural activity and sharpness of the animal's perception of the surrounding environment. And since this information isn't presented in the first paragraph anyway, we can rule out (B).Quote:
C. REM sleep occurs in most animal species and serves to protect them against predators.
There's nothing in the first paragraph (or in the passage) indicating that REM sleep occurs in MOST animal species, so (C) has to go.Quote:
D. REM sleep generally does not occur in animals except when they fear a high risk of predation.
The final paragraph suggests that (D) is in fact false: "One would expect that REM sleep would be more prominent in species that suffer high predation or would become so when the perceived risk of predation increases. However, this prediction does not hold."Regardless, there's nothing in the first paragraph or in the entire passage about the relationship between fear and REM, so (D) is out.
Quote:
E. Animals waking from sleep during low levels of neuroactivity are unlikely to achieve the fastest possible responses.
The first paragraph states that REM "is a state of much neural activity" and that "episodes of REM sleep allow an animal to be ready to escape once awake should a predator attack." The implied assumption here is that episodes of "much neural activity" allow an animal to be ready to escape -- and being ready to escape a predator implies that there's a reasonably fast response time (the sleeping animal reacts before the predator gets to them).If Snyder is assuming that "much neural activity" means fast response, then he must also be assuming that less neural activity would mean slower response -- which is basically what (E) says in a different way. So (E) is our winner.
I hope that helps!
General Discussion
07 Jan 2024, 02:41
Kudos
Bookmarks
why option B cannot be the answer? Is it because "the comparison about greater and lower neural activity" is not discussed in the first para?
I feel option B and D are very close.
Can some one help me out in this?
Regards
Dr Ankita
I feel option B and D are very close.
Can some one help me out in this?
Regards
Dr Ankita
