Bunuel wrote:
That the exploration and subsequent mapping of the underwater cave system’s Byzantine interior requires extensive experience and caution has been proven both by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers and by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save those amateur cave divers. (A) That the exploration and subsequent mapping of the underwater cave system’s Byzantine interior requires extensive experience and caution has been proven both by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers and by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save those amateur cave divers.
(B) That the exploration and subsequent mapping of the underwater cave system’s Byzantine interior require extensive experience and caution has been proven just as much by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers as by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save those amateur cave divers.
(C) Proven just as much by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers as well as by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save those amateur cave divers, the exploration and subsequent mapping of the underwater cave system’s interior requires extensive experience and caution.
(D) The exploration and subsequent mapping of the underwater cave system’s interior requires extensive experience and caution, as has been proven not only by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers but also by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save them.
(E) The process of exploring and mapping the underwater cave system’s interior require extensive experience and caution, proven both by the near-death experiences of amateur cave divers as much as by the massive costs of the rescue operations to save them.
Manhattan Prep Official Explanation:First Glance: Differences in the answer choices provide clues about what a problem might be testing. Before reading the sentence, glance at the beginning of the underline and down the beginning (just the beginning!) of the five answer choices to look for one early clue as to what this sentence is testing.
In this problem, the beginnings of each choice have substantial structural differences: Choices (A) and (B) start with a “That” clause, choice C starts with the word “proven,” and choices (D) and (E) start with “The” followed by some type of noun. It’s always a good idea to pay attention to the core sentence as you read, but the fact that the entire sentence is underlined really emphasizes the importance of this step. Keep an eye out for Sentence Structure, Modifiers, Parallelism, or Comparison issues.
Issues: (1) Subject-Verb Agreement
Since the entire sentence is underlined, start by examining the core sentence (i.e., the core subject and verb):
The word
that is the subject. The effective sentence structure is (The fact)
that (a certain thing is true)
has been proven by (something else). The (a certain thing is true) modifier also contains its own subject-verb pairing:
the exploration and subsequent mapping … requires extensive experience and
caution
The subject of the modifier,
exploration and mapping, is plural, while the verb (
requires) is singular. Choices (C) and (D) contain this same error, though it has moved later in the sentence. Eliminate choices (A), (C), and (D).
Choice (E) changes the core sentence to
The process … require extensive experience. Now, the singular subject
process is paired with the plural verb
require. Eliminate choice (E).
(2) Parallelism
The original sentence contains a correct parallelism marker,
both X and Y, although the two elements of the marker are separated by a considerable amount of text, making this issue more difficult to spot. Here are the parallelism markers in each choice:
(A)
both X and Y (correct)
(B)
as much X as Y (correct)
(C)
as much X as well as Y (incorrect)
(D)
not only X but also Y (correct)
(E)
both X as much as Y (incorrect)
Eliminate choices (C) and (E).
(3) Modifiers
Choice (C) begins with an opening modifier,
proven just as much by the near-death experiences. An opening modifier must describe the main noun or main subject after the comma, but it is illogical to say that
the exploration and subsequent mapping were themselves in some way proven
… by the near-death experiences. Near-death experiences would not prove exploration or mapping. Instead, the near-death experiences prove the need for experience and caution.
The Correct Answer: Choice (B) fixes the subject-verb mismatch (
the exploration and subsequent mapping … require) and uses a correct parallelism marker,
as much X as Y.