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Conclusion of the passage - Pebbles are used for cracking seed and re inforce walls

Option A ) This is our answer as if the pebbles how more wear and tear then it re inforces our hypothesis as it gives an impression that those pebbles we being utilised . Even though it doesnt accurately helps us evaluate that pebbles were used for the two given reasons but this option is better than other options.

Option B) We are not concered with other harverster ant species. Rejected

Option C) There answer to this option is Yes then it weakens the hypothesis and if No then there is no impact on the hypothesis. Rejected

Option D) The answer to this comparison is no use for our evaluation of the the two hypothesis. Rejected

Option E) We are not concered about those ants. Rejected
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Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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My answer is C
We are essentially trying to see which piece of evidence is the strongest for pointing directly to either hypothesis depending on how we answer the question.

After first read, eliminate B and D, because these two offer very indirect evidence (either about another ant species or about general nutrition values of certain hard seeds) that do not help us to know with any certainty about the use of the pebbles.

Second round of elimination for A, C, E
A) surface wear is good evidence for grinding, but what if the surface wear could also come from other functions? like being used as walkways etc (I'm making up hypotheses here to stress test it)
C) Seems to offer the most direct evidence out of the 3 choices. Depending on one of these 3 locations, we could know with confidence whether the stones are used for grinding, structural support, or neither
E) Also good evidence for not using it for structural support if we answer yes, but still don't know for sure if the pebbles are used for grinding or something else. Eliminate similarly to A
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Grinding hypothesis. Ants use pebbles like a mortar and pestle to crush seeds that are too hard for them to bite open.

Structural hypothesis. Pebbles are used like building blocks to support tunnel walls in loose sandy soil that might collapse.

What we need is some information that will help us choose between these two explanations. We want something that will make one explanation make sense and the other one less sense. Lets look at each option and ask: does this information help us decide between the two explanations?

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels
At first this seems like it might be helpful. Its actually confusing. If pebbles are found in areas where ants take care of their babies that doesn't clearly support either explanation. So this option doesn't help us choose between the two explanations.

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface
This seems like it might be helpful because wear and tear sounds like it should mean grinding. But pebbles could get worn down just from being moved around or used as building blocks. So wear and tear alone doesn't help us choose between the two explanations.

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply
This is about a type of ant in a different situation. Even if we learn something about them it won't tell us anything about what these antsre doing with pebbles.

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process
This might explain why ants want to crack open the seeds. It doesn't help us figure out what pebbles are used for.

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior
This one is interesting. The structural hypothesis says that ants use pebbles to support tunnel walls because the soil is loose and might collapse.

What if we look at ants of the type living in soil that is not loose and doesn't collapse? If these ants still bring pebbles into their nests that suggests that pebbles aren't just for supporting tunnel walls. If they stop bringing in pebbles when the soil's stable that supports the structural hypothesis.

Either way this comparison helps us test the hypothesis. It's, like an experiment that shows what happens when the soil is stable.

So the answer is (E).
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Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior.
These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat.
Hypothesis 1: Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles can not crack.
Hypothesis 2: Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know ?

A. The surface wear may be caused by transporting and placing the pebbles to reinforce the walls or by using them as a grinding tool.
Incorrect

B. Behaviour of other ant species may not be able to evaluate the argument about harvester ant species.
Incorrect

C. Brood-rearing chambers may not be necessarily the location where the ants crack the seeds. This information may be helpful but not decisive. Location of pebbles also does not clearly indicate their usage.
Incorrect

D. Nutritional values of different type of seeds don't help in ascertaining the usage of pebbles.
Incorrect

E. If yes, colonies of this species of ants that nest in stable soil also transport pebbles into the nest interior, then they may be using it to crack seeds. If no, they don't transport pebbles into nest interior, then they may be using it to strengthen the interior walls.
Correct


IMO E
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OPTION E
because that explains if the ants are using the pebbles even if the tunnel collapsing is not a problem, then that says that they are using the pebbles for other purposes, like grinding seeds.
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Ants carry pebbles from soil surface to nest interiors.
Hypothesis 1 - the pebbles come in handy to grind the seeds with hard shells or coverings.
Hypothesis 2 - the pebbles reinforces the wall given the looseness of the soil.

The question wants us to figure out the answer to which of the questions given is most useful to answer.
The answer should be such that it strongly suggests one while eliminating the other.

A: This is tempting but I rejected this because 1. it focuses purely on the grinding aspect while still keeping the option open for the second hypothesis. 2. It also requires an assumption that the wear is a result of nothing else but the grinding. hence, incorrect.

B: This doesn't help give a definite answer. It infacts repeats the situation given in the passage of the question. incorrect.

C: To be honest, brood rearing is not something that I first knew, but didn't appear to be something that reflects anything related to food (granaries) or food grinding or reinforcement of walls (load bearing section). Infact, this option gives us another use, if nothing else. Doesn't help to answer the question. incorrect.

D: This talks about nutritional value of seeds and compares it between hard and soft shelled. irrelevant to the discussion. incorrect.

E: Now this gives us a clear indication. If the pebbles are being carried inside a nest which doesn't have a concern of loose soil or collapse, than the pebbles could be for the use of grinding. On the other hand, if the pebbles are not being carried inside the nest with no concern, it would indicate that the pebbles in the question's case, are for the use of reinforcing the walls. - This is correct.
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The answer is E

The question wants something that distinguishes the two hypotheses: as a grinding tool vs. pebbles as tunnel reinforcement.
Statement (E) tests this directly. It looks at colonies nesting in compact, stable soil where tunnel collapse isn’t risk. If those colonies still haul pebbles inside, reinforcements can’t be the reason, so grinding is supported. If they don’t, reinforcement is still supported. Either outcome separates the two explanations.
The other fail to discriminate: (A) both functions cause surface wear; (C) pebble location doesn’t clearly favor each idea; (D) seed nutrients are irrelevant to pebble use; (B) other species’ behavior says nothing about this one’s purpose.

Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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Why the answer is E - The question is asking us to decide as to what would be most useful to know when deciding between the two hypothesis.

Options are as follows:

So essentially what we should be looking for is what is the argument / fact which if inserted would enable us to conclusively prove one hypothesis over the other. So far as (E) is concerned, it clearly provides that for the same species of harvester ants that live in stable colonies, if they still bring in the hard pebbles, then it definitely proves that it is not required for reinforcing the walls because they do not need it for that purpose. Hence, it may be required for griding the seeds they eat to sustain themselves. This is how I would interpret this question. And why (E) makes the most sense.
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The only thing we have to find out is which of the two options gives us a clear idea of which theory from the two mentioned in this passage, or in more simple terms, which option helps us to evaluate one theory over another.
Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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Option A passes the extreme condition that if the answer is yes, grinding theory passes. If the answer is no, the reinforcing structural theory passes.
Option B doesn't pass in both the extremes. If the answer is no, then the reinforcement theory is confirmed. If the answer is yes, then also we are not sure which theory is the one we should believe in.
Option C seems a correct choice but in reality it doesn't confirm any theory because even if the majority of the timber is kept in rearing chambers, we don't know if they are used for grinding or can be taken to reinforce the walls at the time of collapse.
Option D comparison between the seats is irrelevant to our argument.
Option E: The argument is strictly specific to the ant species that live in sand-like soils. Knowing about other colonies in some other environment will not help us to evaluate.

Therefore A is the answer.
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Option E is the answer because it tells us about the same species of ant who live where their nests dont need pebble support , evaluating this hypothesis is most useful determine whether ants then use it for process seeds.
Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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Imo, E because, the hypothesis is tested against ants that live in stable areas. If they also collect pebbles, then it could not be collected for the purpose of providing stability to the living structure.
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This question can be tricky if not given the right attention to detail in the options below to assess the hypothesis -
A - Pebbles can show greater surface area wear but does the composition of the pebble really matter in this case or even mentioned in the passage, No. Hence this info will not be sufficient enough.

B - This is talking about other harvester ants and their known traits, but we do not know does those traits play a role here. Other harvestor ants are not our concern here as traits might differ in same species too. NOT SUFFICIENT

C - Does the placement of the pebbles specifically support or reinforce or are they just kept there. We do not know for sure. NOT SUFFICIENT

D - IRRELEVANT

E - The only option that talks about the 'this species' of ants and if we can gather info on their behaviour in stable compact soil where risk of collapse is low, we can rule out one hypothesis clearly and favour the other hypothesis - Pebbles used as grinding tool
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A) This helps us in distinguishing between the two hypothesis
The rest don't
B) Doesnt tell why they use it
C) Weaknes hypothesis
D) No info on tunnel
E)Less effective than A

ANS: A
Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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A Right answer. If pebbles are being used repeatedly as grinding tools, they would likely show noticeable wear but if they are merely embedded in tunnel walls, they should show much less wear. This directly tests a prediction unique to the grinding hypothesis.

B This is indirect and doesn't tell us why this species transports pebbles.

C Brood chambers are unrelated to either proposed function, so this is less informative.

D Even if hard seeds are nutritious, that doesn't show pebbles are used to grind them.

E If they still transport pebbles when reinforcement isn't needed, that weakens the structural hypothesis. However, it doesn't directly support the grinding hypothesis, since pebbles could have some third function.

Answer A
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2 hypotheses are:
1. Pebbles help grind hard seeds.
2. Pebbles reinforce the nest tunnels

To decided b/w them, we need info that favors one explanation over the other.

A is tempting , but worn pebbles could result from either grinding seeds or rubbing against tunnel walls. It doesn't clearly distinguish the two. Eliminate
B is irrelevant. Other ant species don't tell us why this species carries pebbles. Eliminate
C is tempting, but pebbles could be placed in different parts of the nest for several reasons. Too indirect. Eliminate
D is out of scope. the nutritional value of the seeds doesn't explain why the ants carry pebbles. Eliminate
E sounds right imo. If ants still carry pebbles even when tunnel collapse isn't a concern, that strongly favors the grinding hypothesis. If they stop carrying pebbles, it supports the structural reinforcement hypothesis. Keep

Ans: E
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A – CHECK LATER – a good option will check Later, cause of wear is still not justified
B - WRONG - has a lot of variables and fails to give a conclusion about the purpose of pebbles similar to the passage.
C – INCONSISTENT - The location cannot justify the purpose.
D - OUT OF SCOPE - Unrelated.
E - CORRECT (BETTER OPTION THAN A) - data is about the same species; if the soil is solid, it eliminates the confusion regarding the purpose of the pebbles
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Bunuel
Biologists studying a species of harvester ant observed that workers regularly transport small pebbles from the soil surface into the nest interior. These ants subsist primarily on seeds, but their mandibles are too weak to crack the shells of the hardest seed varieties available in their habitat. Thus, the pebbles may function as a grinding tool, helping workers process seeds that their mandibles cannot crack. Alternatively, the pebbles may serve to reinforce the walls of the nest's tunnels, which are prone to collapse in the loose sandy soil the colony inhabits.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses for the pebbles' function, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether pebbles recovered from the nest interior show greater surface wear than pebbles of similar composition collected from the surrounding habitat surface

(B) Whether other harvester ant species that are known to collect pebbles for structural reinforcement also inhabit regions where hard-shelled seeds make up a large proportion of the local food supply

(C) Whether the majority of the pebbles are deposited in the brood-rearing chambers rather than in the granaries or along the load-bearing sections of the tunnels

(D) Whether the hard-shelled seeds that this species cannot crack contain significantly more nutrients than the soft-shelled seeds their mandibles can process

(E) Whether colonies of this species that nest in compact, stable soil - where the risk of tunnel collapse is not a concern - also transport pebbles into the nest interior

 


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We need the information which will be most useful to select the best hypothesis. 1) pebbles are collected for seed grinding. 2) pebbles are used to reinforce the structure.
A) it might be correct but pebble can also wear due to other reasons. seed grinding is not specific.
B) Still does not help in the given situation.
C) , D)Not relevant to get the best hypothesis.
E) pebbles are still used if collapse is not a concern gives a clear answer .
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