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The two hypothesis are :

1. Animals were slaughtered for meat and cooked.
2. Animals were burned whole as ritual offerings


The most useful Option seems to be "C" because

1. if bones have cut marks from butchering & meat removal , then it supports the animal used as food hypothesis.
2. If not, then it supports that animals are used as offering.


Answer : C

Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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archaeologists discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the centre of site.
the bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning.
one reason= the deposit may be remnants of communal food prepration in which animals slaughtered during large gatherings.
second reason= it may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religios ceremonies.

A if you find deposits at other locations, the question still remains about which of the two things could have happened? so this is not helping at all. out.
B this means it rules out both the mentioned hypothesis. but we need to find which one of the hypothesis could have happened. out.
C if there is cut mark that represents fact that animals were butchered then first hypothesis is correct. but if not then the second hypothesis get the edge and we select it. so keep.
D who cares about how old or young these animals were? passage is not concerned with their age at all. out.
E we dont need any records for confirming religious ceremonies. it can still happen without not having any records. so out.

choice C
Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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A) Other sites having similar deposits doesn't tell us why those deposits exist either --- it just says the pattern repeats, not what caused it.
(B) Whether the species were commonly hunted for food is suggestive but even edible animals could've been sacrificed. It doesn't directly test how these specific bones ended up burned.
(D) Age of the animals might hint at ritual animals might being selected differently but it's an indirect weaker clue compared to actual cut marks.
(E) This relies on contemporary cultures elsewhere behaving the same way --- it doesn't tell us anything specific about this deposit.

Only (C) gives direct physical evidence tied to the actual behavior that distinguishes the two hypotheses
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Let's break down the argument:
Archeologists have found concentrated deposits of charred bones of animals. These charred bones represent sevelar different species and varying degrees of burn
Hypothesis 1 - The charred bones could be of animals used for communal food preparation - slaughtered animals and cooked during large gatherings (Basically, for food)
Hypothesis 2 - The charred bones could belong to ritual animal sacrifices where the whole animal was burnt as an offering (Ritual/Scarifice purpose)

We are required to identify a question from the options the answer to which helps support 1 hypothesis and discard the other.

Statements
A - Similar deposits found elsewhere doesn't help us reach to a clear rationale from the two hypothesis. The question still persist. It only tells us about the frequency of this action. Incorrect

B - Let's say even if the answe to this question is a yes, this doesn't completely eliminate the second hypothesis. The animals may be used for ritual sacrifice too. Incorrect

C - This gives a clear idea. If the cuts are the ones made for the use of extracting meat for food, it is clear that Hypothesis 1 is supported and it eliminates the other. If not, Hypothesis 2 prevails. Correct.

D - Both the hypothesis could use animals which are in their prime age. Age of the animal may not matter for the two activities specified. Incorrect.

E - External records from "Other" cultures do not speak about this settlement. Incorrect.
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Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site.
The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning.

Hypothesis 1: The deposits may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during larger gathering of the settlement's inhabitants.
Hypothesis 2: The deposits may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

Useful to evaluate the argument:

Pre-thinking: If cut marks are present, then animals might have been used in food preparation and if they are not present, the animals might have been burned whole during ritual sacrifices.

A. Clarifies how common the practices were in the region but don't help in ascertaining for which purpose animals were used (food vs sacrifices) at the specific site.
Incorrect

B. Animal species that were commonly hunted for food could have been used for ritual sacrifices as well. Even if it is established that bones belonged to animal species that were commonly hunted for food, it does not clarify the purpose (food vs sacrifice) the animals were used for.
Incorrect

C. If bones display cut marks of the kind when animals are butchered for removal of meat, then they were used for food preparation. If not, then they were probably used for ritual sacrifices. This matching our pre-thinking.
Correct

D. Age of animals can not help us in finding their usage (food vs sacrifice). Animals of various ages could have been used for both purposes.
Incorrect

E. Records of contemporary cultures depicting animals being used for religious ceremonies don't rule out their usage for food preparation at the specific site and don't help us in finding their usage (food vs sacrifice)

IMO C
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Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

Argument
Archaeologists have discovered a settlement where chared bones of animals have been discovered , two hypothesis can be drawn from it
1 animals were slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings
2 remains of ritual animal sacrifices, animal were burned as whole..


In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

Evaluate type , use variance test ( yes/ no ) ; strengthen and weaken the conclusion


(A) YES/ NO similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region


this does not strengthen or weaken the conclusion ; in correct

(B) Yes / NO the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region

the option upon doing the variance test does not strengthen or weaken the conclusion ; in correct option

(C) YES/ NO the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat

the option strengthen and weaken the conclusion upon doing the variance test; correct option


(D) Yes/ NO the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime


the option is irrelevant and has no impact on the argument in discussion ; in correct optin


(E) Yes/ NO written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

the option here is also not relevant with argument and is in correct

OPTION C ; is correct
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Option C is the answer. It is mentioned that for religious purposes the animals would be burned whole as offering while for eating they could have been butchered. Evaluating option c would be most useful
why others are wrong
A) wrong - finding similar deposits of charred animal bones does not help with evaluation as its still not clear if they are from religious offering or for consumption
B) wrong- animals commonly hunted for food could also be used for religious offering
C) correct as mentioned above
D) wrong- age is not a factor to be considered
E) wrong - this too doesnt help with the evaluation as it does not that if that remains are from sacrifice or for food
Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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Ans Choice C : The two Hypothesis are distinguised by the way the animal remains were found whether they were slautered and consumed during communal food or Burnt as a whole during religious ceromonies.
Option C, highlights this key difference and if the Bones display cut marks of Butchered kind then it is consumed during communal food or else during religious ceremonies.
Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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Based on the argument we need an evidence that targets both whether the animals were sacrificed or were used for food purposes.
Evaluating the options:
A: Incorrect: Similar behaviour in other settlements will not give us evidence to distinguish between the two.
B. Incorrect: Even if the animals were hunted for food in the surrounding region, doesnt mean that it cant be used for sacrifices as well.
C: Correct: If bones have cut marks: If yes then used for food and if no thenused for Sacrifice.
D. Incorrect: Age of Animals are irrelevant to discriminate between sacrifice or food preference.
E. Incorrect: Artistic records from other cultures doesnt help distinguish between the two.

IMO Ans is C.
Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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The 2 hypotheses are:
1. The bones are from communal food preparation
2. The bones are from ritual animal sacrifices

To decide b/w them , we need evidence that clearly favors one explanation over the other.

A is too broad. Similar deposits elsewhere don't explain why this one was created. Eliminate
B is tempting, but hunting animals could also be used in sacrifices. Eliminate
C sounds right imo. Cut marks from butchering would strongly support food preparation, while whole burned animals would not show such marks. Keep
D is too indirect. The ages of the animals don't clearly distinguish the 2 hypotheses. Eliminate
E is weak. Practices in other cultures don't necessarily tell us what happened at this settlement. Eliminate

Ans : C
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An agricultural settlement. Blackened animal bones were found. If the bones are buried with food preparation utensils, then they were mostly food and if they're buried with religious artifacts, then they were probably mostly used in religious ceremonies.

(A) doesn't give us much more info. If there were more settlement with blackened bones, or not, how does it help solve the question?
(B) No, not strong enough. It could help, but could still be mostly religious.
(C) Yes, because the religious sacrifices were burned whole, they were not cut to remove meat and it would be helpful to know if they were butchered for that purpose.
(D) No, it doesn't solve the question of it being either religious or food.
(E) No, isn't relevant to the ancient culture.
Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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A. This hypothesis won't help with finding the reason / source of the charred bones for the region in ques. Eliminate A.

B. The hunted animals could be scarified as well. So we won't know the reason. B is not correct.

C. As the sacrifices were as whole, cut could mean food. Keep.

D. Irrelevant option. This information is of no use. Eliminate D.

E. This can be helpful, but we can't rely on such evidences in a 100% manner. C is stronger.

IMO Option C
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Hypothesis:
-- animal bone deposit indicate they were being used as food.
-- it represents they were burned whole as religious sacrifice.

A) whether animal bone deposits have been found at other sites in the same region does not help decide b/w the two hypothesis specifically for this particular settlement. incorrect
B) even if this is true that bone deposits belong to animals commonly hunted for food in the region, we cannot say that the same animals were not used for religious sacrifice. Hence, we cannot distinguish the origin of bone deposit. incorrect.
C) if this is true that bones have cuts characteristic when animals are butchered for meat removal, it is likely that animals were slaughtered for food hence why the meat was removed. If there are no such marks. it is likely that meat was not removed, rather the animals was burned as a whole for religious sacrifice. Correct
D) animal age is irrelevant. passage does not talk anything about animals' age preference by these settlers.
E) those records could be inaccurate and hence may not be reliable. Moreover, if the records show animals being used in religious ceremonies, that is not necessarily the same as being used for religious sacrifice, and also does not rule out the possibility that animals were being used for food. incorrect.
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C by POE; discovery of cut marks could be decisive in favor of one hypothesis (food) than the other (ritualistic sacrifice).
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Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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A. Doesn't tell us whether the bones came from eating or sacrifice. Incorrect.

B. Animals can be both food and sacrifice, so not enough.

C. Yes. Cut marks from butchering would suggest the animals were prepared for eating rather than burned whole as offerings.

D. No. The option doesn't clearly separate the two ideas.

E. General information about other cultures doesn't tell us what happened at this site.

Option C
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The answer is C because preparation requires water to remove meat so but your cut marks what point of communal cooking. Which shall sacrifice burned animals whole, leaving no such marks. This directly distinguishes the hypotheses.

Bunuel
Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


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Archaeologists excavating an early agrarian settlement discovered a concentrated deposit of charred animal bones at the center of the site. The bones represent several different species and show varying degrees of burning. The deposit may be the remnants of communal food preparation - animals slaughtered and cooked during large gatherings of the settlement's inhabitants. Alternatively, the deposit may represent the remains of ritual animal sacrifices, in which animals were burned whole as offerings during religious ceremonies.

In order to help decide between the two hypotheses about the origin of the bone deposit, which of the following would it be most useful to know?

(A) Whether similar deposits of charred animal bones have been found at other settlements in the same region
(B) Whether the bones belong to animal species that were commonly hunted for food in the surrounding region
(C) Whether the bones display cut marks of the kind produced when animals are butchered for the removal of meat
(D) Whether the deposit contains bones from animals of various ages or predominantly from animals in their prime
(E) Whether written or artistic records from contemporary cultures depict animals being used in religious ceremonies

 


This question was provided by GMAT Club
for the GMAT World Cup Competition

Win over $30,000 in prizes such as Courses, Tests, Private Tutoring, and more

 


⚠️ Important: GMAT Club does not allow AI-generated posts. AI-generated solutions are not eligible for kudos, and users who post them may face moderation action, including a ban.
Option selected - C.
Since the two hypotheses can be seen as -
1. Animal is slaughtered so there would be display of cut marks.
2. Animal is offered as a whole- In that case, no cut marks on bone.
This way, it would be helpful to decide between the two hypotheses.
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