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1) Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century — indeed the name comes from the Italian forte (“loud”) + piano (“soft”) — the fortepiano would now sound dynamically limited compared to our modern grand pianos.

A. Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century

reduces to : the original fortepiano....................the fortepiano would now : ( Does it make any sense ?) = Eliminate

B. Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

reduces to : Although the original X offered a dynamic range..................X would now sound = perfect

C. Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century

reduces to : The original pianoforte .................................... The fortepiano = Does it make any sense ?) = Eliminated

D. Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

reduces to : X offered a dynamic range.........................X would now sound = RUN ON = Eliminated

E. The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

Reduces to : The fortepiano, although it offered a dyanamic range...............the forte piano would now sound = need to set one of the fortepiano free from the shackles = Eliminated

leading to B , my take
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very well expalined. kudos to you.
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Awesome post margarette, kudos for the same

the only thing that confuses me is absence of comma in the answer choice b

while fish swims, Birds fly.
after addition of conjunction "while" we also added a comma to distinguish between the two clauses.


shouldn't the answer choice b have a comma in between??

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound
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Awesome post margarette, kudos for the same

the only thing that confuses me is absence of comma in the answer choice b

while fish swims, Birds fly.
after addition of conjunction "while" we also added a comma to distinguish between the two clauses.

shouldn't the answer choice b have a comma in between??

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound
I'm Margarette's colleague, the original author of the SC question above. I'm happy to help with this. :-)

First of all, the rule about a comma separating a subordinate conjunction from the rest of the sentence is not a rigid absolute rule. It's certainly true in the vast majority of cases, but don't fixate on it as an absolutely necessity. Here, in this sentence, the break between the subordinate clause and the main part of the sentence is provided by a phrase marked off by dashes. A phrase set off by dashes provides a strong break in the flow of a sentence, so this is more than sufficient to take the place of most comma breaks that would normally appear.

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound like that. --- comma break

Although the original X offered a dynamic range --- bigger than you would expect ---- X would now sound like that. --- break provided by phrase set off by dashes

Does that make sense?

Mike :-)
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sid22
Awesome post margarette, kudos for the same

the only thing that confuses me is absence of comma in the answer choice b

while fish swims, Birds fly.
after addition of conjunction "while" we also added a comma to distinguish between the two clauses.

shouldn't the answer choice b have a comma in between??

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound
I'm Margarette's colleague, the original author of the SC question above. I'm happy to help with this. :-)

First of all, the rule about a comma separating a subordinate conjunction from the rest of the sentence is not a rigid absolute rule. It's certainly true in the vast majority of cases, but don't fixate on it as an absolutely necessity. Here, in this sentence, the break between the subordinate clause and the main part of the sentence is provided by a phrase marked off by dashes. A phrase set off by dashes provides a strong break in the flow of a sentence, so this is more than sufficient to take the place of most comma breaks that would normally appear.

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound like that. --- comma break

Although the original X offered a dynamic range --- bigger than you would expect ---- X would now sound like that. --- break provided by phrase set off by dashes

Does that make sense?

Mike :-)


thanks mike ..your explanation makes sense
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sid22
Awesome post margarette, kudos for the same

the only thing that confuses me is absence of comma in the answer choice b

while fish swims, Birds fly.
after addition of conjunction "while" we also added a comma to distinguish between the two clauses.

shouldn't the answer choice b have a comma in between??

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound
I'm Margarette's colleague, the original author of the SC question above. I'm happy to help with this. :-)

First of all, the rule about a comma separating a subordinate conjunction from the rest of the sentence is not a rigid absolute rule. It's certainly true in the vast majority of cases, but don't fixate on it as an absolutely necessity. Here, in this sentence, the break between the subordinate clause and the main part of the sentence is provided by a phrase marked off by dashes. A phrase set off by dashes provides a strong break in the flow of a sentence, so this is more than sufficient to take the place of most comma breaks that would normally appear.

Although the original X offered a dynamic range, X would now sound like that. --- comma break

Although the original X offered a dynamic range --- bigger than you would expect ---- X would now sound like that. --- break provided by phrase set off by dashes

Does that make sense?

Mike :-)


Hi Mike,

Thanks for the wonderful post....

Can you please shed some more light on the Comma+ Subordinate Conjunction and Without comma?

Thanks in advance
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Hi Mike,

Thanks for the wonderful post....

Can you please shed some more light on the Comma+ Subordinate Conjunction and Without comma?

Thanks in advance
Dear Mountain14,
I'm happy to respond. :-) Hmmm. That's an intriguing question. First of all, keep in mind that, as a general rule, the GMAT SC does NOT test punctuation. Punctuation differences among the answer choices might be useful in discerning the grammar & meaning, but ultimately these matter, not the punctuation itself.

So far as I know, all Subordinate Clauses beginning with the "ON A WHITE BUS" conjunctions always are set off by commas. I believe the only subordinate clauses that regularly are not set off with commas are that clauses modifying nouns (a.k.a. adjectival clauses) that are vital noun modifiers.
Any man who hates dogs and children can't be all bad. --- W. C. Fields
The hand that signed the paper felled the city. --- Dylan Thomas
They also serve who only stand and wait. --- John Milton
In each of those, the adjectival clause, underlined, is a vital noun modifier, so it isn't set off by commas.
See this post for more on adjectival clauses:
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/gmat-gramm ... d-clauses/
See these posts for more on vital noun modifiers:
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/that-vs-which-on-the-gmat/
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/gmat-gramm ... modifiers/

Does all this make sense?
Mike :-)
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Mountain14
Hi Mike,

Thanks for the wonderful post....

Can you please shed some more light on the Comma+ Subordinate Conjunction and Without comma?

Thanks in advance
Dear Mountain14,
I'm happy to respond. :-) Hmmm. That's an intriguing question. First of all, keep in mind that, as a general rule, the GMAT SC does NOT test punctuation. Punctuation differences among the answer choices might be useful in discerning the grammar & meaning, but ultimately these matter, not the punctuation itself.

So far as I know, all Subordinate Clauses beginning with the "ON A WHITE BUS" conjunctions always are set off by commas. I believe the only subordinate clauses that regularly are not set off with commas are that clauses modifying nouns (a.k.a. adjectival clauses) that are vital noun modifiers.
Any man who hates dogs and children can't be all bad. --- W. C. Fields
The hand that signed the paper felled city. --- Dylan Thomas
The also serve who only stand and wait. --- John Milton
In each of those, the adjectival clause, underlined, is a vital noun modifier, so it isn't set off by commas.
See this post for more on adjectival clauses:
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/gmat-gramm ... d-clauses/
See these posts for more on vital noun modifiers:
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/that-vs-which-on-the-gmat/
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2012/gmat-gramm ... modifiers/

Does all this make sense?
Mike :-)


Thanks Mike,

Will keep these tips handy....

:-D

~M14
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In choice D, there is a squinting Modifier Problem! So this is not a choice at all
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Great article - helped to understand the run-on funda
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Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century — indeed the name comes from the Italian forte (“loud”) + piano (“soft”) — the fortepiano would now sound dynamically limited compared to our modern grand pianos.

A. Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century
--> lack of "main verb".
B. Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
--> correct.
C. Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century
--> run-on.
D. Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
--> lack of conjunction.
E. The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
--> run-on.
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hey mikemcgarry that was a very well crafted sentence. Thanks to you and @margarate we now have one tool to better handle SC on the exam day! On A White Bus, you beauty!
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1) Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century — indeed the name comes from the Italian forte (“loud”) + piano (“soft”) — the fortepiano would now sound dynamically limited compared to our modern grand pianos.

A. Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century

reduces to : the original fortepiano....................the fortepiano would now : ( Does it make any sense ?) = Eliminate

B. Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

reduces to : Although the original X offered a dynamic range..................X would now sound = perfect

C. Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century

reduces to : The original pianoforte .................................... The fortepiano = Does it make any sense ?) = Eliminated

D. Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

reduces to : X offered a dynamic range.........................X would now sound = RUN ON = Eliminated

E. The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord

Reduces to : The fortepiano, although it offered a dyanamic range...............the forte piano would now sound = need to set one of the fortepiano free from the shackles = Eliminated

leading to B , my take


Hi could you explain, why did you not cut through [ Although the original fortepiano ] for option B, and for rest of options you did. I am trying to learn this better. What is the difference here in B than rest. Is it because its the only sentence that has mentioned main subject? i.e. [the orignl fortepiano]
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What is a bonafide verb or a noun? Anyone?
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margarette
Learn how this grammar mistake appears in the most insidious guises on the GMAT Sentence Correction, from Magoosh's Mike McGarry

We all know run-on sentence are bad. There probably was a middle-aged middle school English teacher who rammed that into your brain: run-on sentence = bad. The problem is: many people have only a fuzzy idea about what constitutes a run-on sentence. For example, clearly the following is a run-on:

When I woke up I ate my breakfast I walked out the door saw my friend Herbert he lives across the street we talked about . . .

Of course, any of us can spot the run-on there. Here’s the challenge, though. Read the following question: see if you can find the run-on sentence(s) among the five answer choices.

1) Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century — indeed the name comes from the Italian forte (“loud”) + piano (“soft”) — the fortepiano would now sound dynamically limited compared to our modern grand pianos.

A. Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century
B. Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
C. Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century
D. Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
E. The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord



Try both to answer this question correct and to spot the incorrect “run-on sentence” answer choice. I will discuss this in detail at the end of the post.



A Review of Grammar Basics



First of all, a review of a few grammar basics. An independent clause is a clause that could stand on its own as a complete sentence: it must have a noun and a verb. Every sentence needs at least one independent clause as its core statement. We can join two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction (e.g. and, or, but, nor, for, yet, so, etc.) We can also take an independent clause and make it dependent (a.k.a subordinate) by putting a subordinating conjunction in front of it; in this case, a different independent clause would have to remain independent as the core statement of the full sentence. Folks sometimes use the mnemonic “on a white bus” to remember the subordinating conjunctions in English:

O = only if

N = now that

A = although, after, as

WH = while, when, whereas, whenever, wherever, whether or not

I = if, in case

T = though

E = even though, even if

B = because, before

U = until, unless

S = since, so (that)


You can join independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions, and/or you can include one or more dependent clauses as long at the sentence overall has an independent clause.



What Exactly is a Run-On Sentence?



A run-on sentence is the juxtaposition of two independent clauses without an appropriate conjunction. It need not be long. All you need for an independent clause is two words, a subject + a verb. Therefore, all you need for a run-on sentence is four words; for example:

Fish swim birds fly.

That sentence is a classic run-on sentence: noun verb noun verb, with no conjunction of any kind. We could make it a correct “not run-on” sentence either by adding a coordinating conjunction (“Fish swim, but birds fly.”) or a subordinating conjunction (“While fish swim, birds fly.”)

OK, so far, that’s not too challenging: even if we didn’t know the reason, we would also easily recognize “Fish swim birds fly” as a grammatically incorrect sentence. The problem comes when this fundamental run-on structure (noun verb noun verb) is obscured by a host of modifiers and other detail. For example:

Joyce’s novel Ulysses, loosely organized around the structure of Homer’s Odyssey, employs in each chapter a different language game, which mirrors in an intimate way both the action of the chapter and its Homeric referent, his final novel Finnegans Wake, which took Joyce 20 years to complete, abandons all conventions of plot, unfolding instead as a continuous 400-page dream-like river of imagery meant to evoke the “monomyth.”

Beneath all the detail, that sentence is a run-on sentence. We have noun-verb-noun-verb (“Ulysses … employs … Finnegans Wake … abandons”) without any conjunction joining them. If we just put the word “but” before “his final novel Finnegans Wake,” or put the word “while” at the beginning of the sentence, then Voila! —- either alteration would make the sentence “non-run-on” and 100% grammatically correct.

BTW, I am huge James Joyce fan, and I highly recommend both of those novels — when you are no longer preparing for the GMAT!


The Practice Question



Having deepened your understanding of run-on sentences, you may want to take a second crack at this sentence before reading the explanation.

1) Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century — indeed the name comes from the Italian forte (“loud”) + piano (“soft”) — the fortepiano would now sound dynamically limited compared to our modern grand pianos.

Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century
Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century
Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord
The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord


Explanation of the Practice Question



(A) Although offering a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century



This is one of the classic mistakes on the GMAT Sentence Correction. A subordinating conjunction such as “although” must be followed by a bonafide noun-verb, not simply by a participle. Correct: “Although the original fortepiano offered etc.” Incorrect: “Although offering etc.” In addition to that mistake, notice that, after the first comma, we have the free-standing noun “the original fortepiano,” a subject without a verb. (A) has a few mistakes, so it is incorrect.

(B) Although the original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord



This one correctly follows “Although” with a bonafide noun-verb clause. In fact, (B) is the correct answer.

(C) Although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord, the original pianoforte, invented in the early eighteenth century



This one correctly follows “Although” with a bonafide noun-verb clause, but then has the free-standing noun “the original fortepiano,” a subject without a verb. (C) is incorrect.

(D) Invented in the early eighteenth century, the original pianoforte offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord



This one begins with the statement “invented in the early eighteenth century”: this is a minor detail, tangential to the main point of the sentence, so it’s somewhat jarring as the opening of the sentence. The BIG problem with this one, though, is that we have independent clause “the original pianoforte offered …” and then, after the dashed section, another independent clause “the fortepiano would now sound …” and there’s no conjunction. This is the run-on sentence, and therefore, (D) is incorrect.

(E) The original fortepiano, invented in the early eighteenth century, although it offered a dynamic range simply absent on the harpsichord



This one is strange. We get a subject, followed by a modifier and then a subordinate clause, but there’s no verb. We have a free-standing noun without a verb. This sentence has the form noun-noun-verb, not exactly a run-on, but still very much incorrect.

Search the complex SC questions, in the OG and elsewhere, and you will find run-on sentences disguises, as this one was, lurking among the answer choices. With a clearer understand of run-ons, you will be that much more efficient in tackling GMAT Sentence Correction.

Option B also has 2 independent clauses with the fortepiano being the subject and offered being the verb for the first part and the second independent clause after the dashed section. So why is the option not a run on sentence??
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A subordinating conjunction such as “although” must be followed by a bonafide noun-verb, not simply by a participle
As a part of explanation to the solution can anyone explain this to me why this must be true or perhaps refer a link to the article on MGMAT SC guide or anywhere over the internet?
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