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555-605 (Medium)|   Humanities|   Short Passage|                              
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Question 2:

This is actually a great example of how detail-oriented RC questions can be. Let me walk you through how to approach this systematically.

Understanding What's Being Asked
The question asks specifically what Kerber argued political leaders thought was necessary for the republic's success. Notice the layers here - we're not looking for what actually happened, but what Kerber argued that political leaders thought.

Let's Find the Key Information
Looking at the passage, here's what you need to focus on:

The passage tells us that according to Kerber, "A virtuous citizenry was considered essential to the success of the country's republican form of government." But here's the crucial part - notice how virtue was supposed to be created: "virtue was to be instilled not only by churches and schools, but by families, where the mother's role was crucial."

See that phrasing? "Not only...but" tells us that all three institutions - churches, schools, AND families - were working together. The family wasn't replacing the others; it was one of the primary means alongside them.

Why Choice C is Correct
When you look at choice C - "The family serving as one of the primary means by which children were imbued with political virtue" - it perfectly matches what the passage says. Families were one of the primary means, working together with churches and schools.

The Main Trap to Avoid
Choice A might look tempting because the passage emphasizes the mother's crucial role. But watch out for that word "sole" - it says women had sole responsibility. That directly contradicts the passage, which explicitly mentions churches and schools too. This is a classic GMAT RC trap: taking something that's partially true (mothers were crucial) and making it too extreme (they had sole responsibility).

You can check out the step-by-step solution on Neuron by e-GMAT to see the complete passage analysis framework that helps you track how the author builds their argument paragraph by paragraph - it's especially useful for complex historiography passages like this one. You can also explore other GMAT official questions with detailed solutions on Neuron for structured practice here.
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Here's the full breakdown:


PASSAGE MAP
Para 1 - Kerber's thesis: republican motherhood ideology → justified female education. Chain: virtuous citizenry essential to republic → virtue instilled by churches, schools, AND families → mother's role crucial → motherhood pivotal → unprecedented attention to female education.
Para 2 - Historiographical context: before Kerber, women barely mentioned in educational history. Woody = notable exception. His evidence: newspaper ads show education rising for both girls AND boys around 1750, and "An Essay on Woman" (1753) shows advocates for female education existed PRE-revolution. Therefore Woody challenges Kerber's implied claim that the Revolution caused the shift — it may have only accelerated pre-existing trends. Author's warning: over-reliance on Kerber may have obscured these earlier trends, making it hard to assess how much the Revolution actually changed women's lives.


QUESTION EVALUATIONS
Q1 - Woody's work was atypical because it examined girls' education
A - Innovative because it used newspaper ads. Unsupported. Passage mentions ads as his method but never calls it innovative.
B - Exceptional in that it concentrated on the pre-Revolution period. Unsupported. Passage never says this was his focus.
C - Unusual in focusing on attitudes rather than practices. Contradicted. Woody examined both practices (ads) and attitudes (Essay).
D - Controversial in claims about boys. Unsupported. Passage never mentions controversy about boys.
E - Atypical in examining girls' education. Correct. Passage explicitly says educational historians "barely mentioned women and girls" with Woody as "the notable exception." Atypical = notable exception.


Q2 - Kerber argued republican government depended on which of the following?
A - Women assuming sole responsibility for instilling virtue. Distortion. Passage says mother's role was crucial but churches and schools were also involved. "Sole" is too extreme.
B - Girls becoming primary focus of reformed educational system. Distortion. Passage says female education received unprecedented attention but never says girls became the "primary focus."
C - Family serving as one primary means of instilling virtue. Correct. Passage directly states virtue instilled by churches, schools, AND families. Family as one of several means matches perfectly.
D - Family assuming functions previously performed by schools and churches. Contradicted. Passage never says family replaced other institutions, only that all three worked together.
E - Men and women assuming equal responsibility. Unsupported. Passage focuses specifically on mothers, never mentions equality between men and women.


Q3 - Kerber and Woody differ primarily concerning what?
A - Extent to which women were interested in pursuing education. Unsupported. Women's own interest or demand is never mentioned by either.
B - Extent of support for female education prior to the Revolution. Correct. Kerber implies the Revolution created the justification for female education. Woody shows substantial support already existed before the Revolution. Their core disagreement is about how much was already there pre-Revolution.
C - Extent of public resistance after the Revolution. Unsupported. Public resistance is never mentioned by either.
D - Whether attitudes changed during the 18th century. Wrong timeframe of disagreement. Both agree attitudes changed. They disagree on when and why, not on whether change occurred at all.
E - Whether women needed education for republican government to succeed. Unsupported on Woody's side. This is Kerber's thesis only. Woody never addresses republican ideology — his challenge is purely about timing and pre-existing trends.


Q4 - Kerber maintained what led to increased educational opportunities for women?
A - Unprecedented demand by women for greater opportunities. Unsupported. Women's own demand never mentioned.
B - New political ideology calling for equality between men and women. Distortion. Kerber's ideology is about motherhood and virtue, not equality between sexes.
C - Belief that educational system could be reformed only if women participated. Unsupported. Never argued in passage.
D - Belief that women needed education to contribute to success of new government. Correct. Directly maps to Kerber's chain: educated women → virtuous sons → successful republican government.
E - Recognition that women needed education to take active role in schools and churches. Unsupported. Women's role in schools and churches never mentioned.


Q5 - Woody would have agreed with which claim about "An Essay on Woman"?
A - It expressed attitudes reflected in new educational opportunities after 1750. Correct. Woody cited the Essay as evidence of a shift in attitudes, and his newspaper ads showed opportunities rising around 1750. The Essay and rising opportunities are presented as connected and concurrent.
B - It persuaded educators to offer greater opportunities in the 1750s. Unsupported. Passage never says the Essay directly persuaded anyone. Causation between Essay and specific educational changes is never established.
C - It articulated ideas that would not be realized until after the Revolution. Contradicted. Woody's whole point is that opportunities were already rising before the Revolution, so the ideas were already being realized.
D - It offered one of the most original arguments for women's education. Unsupported. Passage never ranks or compares the Essay's originality relative to other works.
E - It presented views still controversial in Woody's own time (1929). Unsupported. The passage never mentions anything about controversy in 1929 or how Woody's contemporaries received these ideas. Passage is completely silent on this timeframe.
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