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10 Apr 2020, 10:11
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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
82% (02:35) correct
18%
(02:46) wrong
based on 687
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
43% (01:22) correct 57%
(01:36) wrong
based on 692
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
74% (00:43) correct 26%
(00:47) wrong
based on 656
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
28% (01:26) correct 72%
(01:20) wrong
based on 663
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Project RC Butler 2020 - Participate and win GMAT Club Tests.
Passage # 20, Date: 10-Apr-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
Passage # 20, Date: 10-Apr-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
One of the first attempts to peer into the living human brain was carried out by a neurosurgeon named Wilder Penfield in the 1950. Penfield opened the skulls of conscious epileptic patients under local anesthesia, and A induced a mild electric current into their brains in an attempt to pinpoint the source of seizure activity and then remove that piece of tissue. What he found was even more remarkable than what he initially set out to do. By stimulating different points on the lower parts of the brain (the temporal lobes), he elicited distinct and vivid memories in his patients. These memories were more precise than usual memories, and incorporated different modalities such as visual and auditory sense impressions. Penfield’s patients reported different types of memories (a moment from childhood, a recollection of a tune). When the same location in the temporal lobe was stimulated again the same memory reappeared. Could it be that a physical map of memories exists with in our brains?
One might mistakenly conclude from Penfields experiment that particular memories are stored in specific sites in the brain such that the memory of ones grandmother is stored in one area and the memory of what one had for dinner is stored in another. While this description is imprecise, the alternative theory, that memory is stored in a unitary superstructure, is also inaccurate. Although it is true that the temporal lobes play a critical role in memory processes, evidence from brain imaging studies strongly indicates that memory is divided among a range of distinct but interacting neural systems, each contributing to a unique feature of memory. One system may be involved to a larger extent in encoding or retrieval, while another may deal with the process of consolidating memory. One specific structure is more active in emotional memory, while others are employed in working memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory. These multiple memory systems are constantly sharing information and modulating one another.
One might mistakenly conclude from Penfields experiment that particular memories are stored in specific sites in the brain such that the memory of ones grandmother is stored in one area and the memory of what one had for dinner is stored in another. While this description is imprecise, the alternative theory, that memory is stored in a unitary superstructure, is also inaccurate. Although it is true that the temporal lobes play a critical role in memory processes, evidence from brain imaging studies strongly indicates that memory is divided among a range of distinct but interacting neural systems, each contributing to a unique feature of memory. One system may be involved to a larger extent in encoding or retrieval, while another may deal with the process of consolidating memory. One specific structure is more active in emotional memory, while others are employed in working memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory. These multiple memory systems are constantly sharing information and modulating one another.
1. A good title for this passage would be
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
2. Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 with regard to the neural systems of memory?
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
3. When the author talks about a “unitary superstructure,” (Highlighted) he is referring to
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
4. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as part of the surgical procedure Penfield performed on his patients EXCEPT
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
11 Apr 2020, 06:33
Kudos
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1. A good title for this passage would be
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
Throughout the passage, we are mainly concerned about the memory organization in the human brain. An experiment is discussed. One of its wrongly assumed conclusions is debunked. An alternative theory is also mentioned which does not hold good. Finally, the actual organization of memory is discussed. Thus, a good title for the passage encompassing the aforementioned must be "The Physical Organization of Memory in Human Brain".
2. Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 with regard to the neural systems of memory?
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
The temporal lobes form the lower parts of the brain(as mentioned in para 1). In paragraph two, it is vividly stated that the temporal lobes play a critical role in memory processes. Thus, option (C) is the correct answer.
Option (A) is opposite of what is stated in the passage as structures can share information and, thus, are involved in different aspects of memory.
Option (B) is again opposite of what is stated in the passage. The passage states that one neural system can be primarily involved with one type of memory, not mroe than one types of memory. It have, however, have a smaller role to play in other types of memories.
Option (D) states what is mentioned to be one of the wrongly assumed conclusions from the learnings of passage 1.
(E) is out of scope of the passage.
3. When the author talks about a “unitary superstructure,” (Highlighted) he is referring to
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
This is a good inference question because the answer is not explicitly stated in the passage. We must read the information, connect the dots and arrive at the correct answer.
Carefully sifting through the second paragraph will give you an idea about what the author is referring to. He says that different sites in the brain for different memories is incorrect conclusion. Also, memory stored in a unitary superstructure is incorrect information. This unitary superstructure refers to the lower parts of the brain - one subpart of the brain where all infromation MAY be stored. Notice that this sentence is immediately followed by 'although' which means that the direction of the discussion will be changed from the following sentence. The following sentence says that "although temporal lobes play a critical role..." - this means that unitary superstructures mean the temporal lobes.
4. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as part of the surgical procedure Penfield performed on his patients EXCEPT
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
All of these options are stated in the first paragraph except option (D). Option D is stated as something that Penfield had thought of performing but nowhere has it been stated whether it was actually performed. According to me, D is the correct option.
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
Throughout the passage, we are mainly concerned about the memory organization in the human brain. An experiment is discussed. One of its wrongly assumed conclusions is debunked. An alternative theory is also mentioned which does not hold good. Finally, the actual organization of memory is discussed. Thus, a good title for the passage encompassing the aforementioned must be "The Physical Organization of Memory in Human Brain".
2. Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 with regard to the neural systems of memory?
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
The temporal lobes form the lower parts of the brain(as mentioned in para 1). In paragraph two, it is vividly stated that the temporal lobes play a critical role in memory processes. Thus, option (C) is the correct answer.
Option (A) is opposite of what is stated in the passage as structures can share information and, thus, are involved in different aspects of memory.
Option (B) is again opposite of what is stated in the passage. The passage states that one neural system can be primarily involved with one type of memory, not mroe than one types of memory. It have, however, have a smaller role to play in other types of memories.
Option (D) states what is mentioned to be one of the wrongly assumed conclusions from the learnings of passage 1.
(E) is out of scope of the passage.
3. When the author talks about a “unitary superstructure,” (Highlighted) he is referring to
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
This is a good inference question because the answer is not explicitly stated in the passage. We must read the information, connect the dots and arrive at the correct answer.
Carefully sifting through the second paragraph will give you an idea about what the author is referring to. He says that different sites in the brain for different memories is incorrect conclusion. Also, memory stored in a unitary superstructure is incorrect information. This unitary superstructure refers to the lower parts of the brain - one subpart of the brain where all infromation MAY be stored. Notice that this sentence is immediately followed by 'although' which means that the direction of the discussion will be changed from the following sentence. The following sentence says that "although temporal lobes play a critical role..." - this means that unitary superstructures mean the temporal lobes.
4. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as part of the surgical procedure Penfield performed on his patients EXCEPT
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
All of these options are stated in the first paragraph except option (D). Option D is stated as something that Penfield had thought of performing but nowhere has it been stated whether it was actually performed. According to me, D is the correct option.
General Discussion
10 Apr 2020, 15:28
Kudos
Bookmarks
1. A good title for this passage would be
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
2. Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 with regard to the neural systems of memory?
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
3. When the author talks about a “unitary superstructure,” (Highlighted) he is referring to CD the brain as a whole
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
4. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as part of the surgical procedure Penfield performed on his patients EXCEPT
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
A. The Life and Work of Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield
B. The Physical Organization of Memory in the Human Brain
C. The Cognitive Functions of the Temporal Lobes
D. Historical Progress in the Search for an Epilepsy Cure
E. Where Are Childhood Memories Located in the Brain?
2. Which of the following is mentioned in Paragraph 2 with regard to the neural systems of memory?
A. A specific brain structure cannot be involved in more than one aspect of memory.
B. The same neural system is primarily involved in both emotional memory and semantic memory.
C. The lower parts of the brain play a critical role in memory processes.
D. There is a specific brain region that stores the memory of last nights dinner.
E. Epilepsy will affect the storage and retrieval of memories.
3. When the author talks about a “unitary superstructure,” (Highlighted) he is referring to CD the brain as a whole
A. the brain as a whole
B. a theory of memory organization preferred by most scientists
C. the cortex of the brain
D. a specific brain region in which all memories are stored
E. the sum of all memory processes, such as encoding, retrieval, and consolidation
4. All of the following are mentioned in Paragraph 1 as part of the surgical procedure Penfield performed on his patients EXCEPT
A. Penfield stimulated different points in his patients' temporal lobes.
B. Penfield's epileptic patients were not totally anesthetized during the surgery.
C. The patients' brains were given small electric shocks during surgery.
D. Penfield removed the pieces of tissue responsible for inducing seizures in his patients.
E. The patients' skulls were wide open throughout the surgery.
