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14 Apr 2022, 14:42
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Hello, everyone. I am creating this topic in response to a string of queries by member GraceSCKao in this thread (whose question I will discuss more below), who brought up several questions at once that used an as _____ as comparison structure that seemed confusing. How about we get to the bottom of the matter and see what we can tease out? Just keep in mind the oft-written advice that GMATNinja adds to his posts: Do not invent rules. Language is a complex organism, and a foundational understanding of, say, comparisons, can get you quite far on the GMATTM. Just do not seek to create boundaries or, as someone once explained to me about a different matter, fences around fences. Stick to the basics and see what the context of a given sentence allows in the way of a reasonable interpretation.
QUESTION ONE—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Consider it above in as it was. Does it stand for energy, or, more specifically, energy generated through wind power? Rather than force an interpretation, examine both possibilities within the context of the comparison. I will remove the placement of the adverb now from consideration by replacing it with ellipses (...).
1) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as energy was [generated] in 1990.
2) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as energy was generated through wind power in 1990.
Neither comparison holds any real substance. In the first iteration, we can reasonably supply the missing verb generated, since energy was in 1990 makes no sense whatsoever, and was is a linking verb that is missing its action verb. (If you have trouble making the connection, picture a perfect tense instead: energy had in 1990. You would logically ask, Had what?) The problem, of course, is the word energy. The comparison is between the amount of energy generated at present compared to the amount generated in the past. Repeating the word energy introduces nothing more than a redundancy. Consider a simpler comparison using the same word: The generator stores more energy now than in the past. If you can find a way to squeeze in energy after than, then you have a keener eye than I.
Getting back to the sentence at hand, since energy is reintroduced in the second half of the comparison in both iterations above, we can drop both from consideration. Of course, there is a third interpretation that rectifies the issue:
3) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as was generated in 1990.
This is a proper comparison, but notice that energy has fallen by the wayside. The logical implication is that it simply does not belong, whatever it may stand in for. Compare our corrected version of the sentence with answer choice (C):
(C) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as was the case in 1990.
Can we reasonably summarize the process of how much energy was generated with the noun phrase the case? Sure. There are many such dummy phrases that could work here—the state of _____ comes to mind. The exact noun hardly matters, as long as it is clear that the comparison is between an amount at one point in time and an amount at another point in time. Most importantly, there are major flaws with (B) and (D), as discussed above, whereas (C) just sounds awkward.
QUESTION TWO—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Comparison: three times as many independent institutions of higher education charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as... over $16,000.
Pith of comparison (minus unnecessary modifiers/information): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as... over $16,000.
Answer choice (E): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
Interpretation: three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as institutions charging over $16,000.
Why has the verb charge in the comparison morphed into a different form—the adjective modifier charging—later on? The comparison should be between what some institutions charge and what other institutions charge. Keep things simple, tit for tat. If answer choice (E) is an imposter, then only (D) remains. Test within our stripped-down shell of the comparison:
Answer choice (D): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as charge over $16,000.
Yes, that makes sense, little different from saying, As many people voted in the 2020 election as voted in 2016. For the second question in a row, we can observe that when the action has fallen after the comparison marker, as _____, the actions can be compared without the subject reentering the comparison.
QUESTION THREE—LINK (source: Official Guide)
nearly eight million people, about _____ the nation's four-year colleges and universities
Now, since people are not the same as an enrollment, but rather comprise an enrollment (i.e. an enrollment of people), we can drop answer choices (A) and (D) from consideration. Notice that (B) and (C) both use those. Substitute people in each instance as a litmus test:
(B) nearly eight million people, about the equivalent of people enrolled in unis. (We need not worry about the "fluff.")
(C) nearly eight million people, about equal to people who are enrolled in unis.
In (B), what does the equivalent of people mean? Something like people, as in humanoids? We would certainly want to add number of to draw a proper comparison—nearly eight million people, about the equivalent number of people enrolled in unis—but from where would we draw such information in the sentence on the screen? (B) is in serious trouble now, since we cannot supply information just to fit what we want the sentence to say.
Answer choice (C) is little better: nearly eight million people [are] about equal to people? No. We need another amount to enter the picture. Compare to the only option that is left in (E):
(E) nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in unis.
This people-to-people comparison works. Unlike what we have seen in the previous two questions, though, this one does not introduce a verb into the comparison ahead of the second element. Rather, elements X and Y themselves are being compared (not their actions). It would not be improper to write, nearly eight million people, about as many people as are enrolled in unis. This comparison is more overt—think of it as somewhat similar to an absolute phrase renaming a key noun from the main clause, versus another type of modifier that does not repeat that noun—but the lack of a subject after as _____ as in answer choice (E) does not work against it because there is only one reasonable interpretation for what is being compared, the number of people. No one would reasonably question, About as many what?
QUESTION FOUR—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Full comparison: the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water... as... previously thought.
Pith of comparison: [the] crust harbors up to three times as much water... as... previously thought.
Luckily for us, answer choice (B) suffers from a fatal meaning issue: harbors up to three times as much water or more as. Up to is supposed to set an upper limit, so the presence of or more is nonsensical. Take it as a gift when these sorts of issues keep you from having to invest more time and energy into disproving anything. We already know the answer must be (C). But consider the comparison:
the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as previously thought
Well, who was doing the thinking in the latter part of the comparison? Presumably, the scientists mentioned earlier in the sentence. (Not the same scientists, perhaps, but scientists in general.) Are there reasonable interpretations for the missing information? Test:
1) the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as was previously thought
2) the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as scientists previously thought
If you straighten out the passive construct of the first iteration, you will appreciate that it conveys the same information as the second (i.e. as was previously thought by scientists. Is the passive voice incorrect on the GMATTM? No. (See this question on starfish if you need proof. Pay attention to the arm in particular.) Since either interpretation passes our litmus test, we can safely get behind (C) and put the question behind us.
There you have it. These were just a few comparisons that incorporated an as _____ as structure, but we can study and learn from them. Most importantly, trust your process and the context of the sentence at hand, not some hard-and-fast rule that you read in a forum or saw in a YouTube tutorial. First, what is the comparison? Second, if there are missing words, what reasonable interpretation can you supply? I would suggest you get rid of any options on grounds that you feel more confident assessing before you turn to anything else. When you work with just what is left, you start to see matters in a different light.
Good luck with your studies, everyone. I would like to thank GraceSCKao for raising queries on the above questions, as well as for being patient with me while I worked on giving this post the treatment I thought it deserved.
- Andrew
QUESTION ONE—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Quote:
First off, we can eliminate any answer choice that uses an improper as much... than construct. This is a common setup in comparison questions. If the sentence did not pump in so much additional information between as _____ and the latter part of the idiom, I doubt anyone would have trouble. But we are here to discuss what happens after the second as. You can see quite clearly that it appears in answer choices (B) and (D). Ask yourself the following questions whenever you encounter the word in this context:
- Is there a logical referent?
- If so, am I borrowing just the information I want to fit, or does a reasonable interpretation suggest that what I want to be there is, in fact, what belongs there?
Consider it above in as it was. Does it stand for energy, or, more specifically, energy generated through wind power? Rather than force an interpretation, examine both possibilities within the context of the comparison. I will remove the placement of the adverb now from consideration by replacing it with ellipses (...).
1) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as energy was [generated] in 1990.
2) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as energy was generated through wind power in 1990.
Neither comparison holds any real substance. In the first iteration, we can reasonably supply the missing verb generated, since energy was in 1990 makes no sense whatsoever, and was is a linking verb that is missing its action verb. (If you have trouble making the connection, picture a perfect tense instead: energy had in 1990. You would logically ask, Had what?) The problem, of course, is the word energy. The comparison is between the amount of energy generated at present compared to the amount generated in the past. Repeating the word energy introduces nothing more than a redundancy. Consider a simpler comparison using the same word: The generator stores more energy now than in the past. If you can find a way to squeeze in energy after than, then you have a keener eye than I.
Getting back to the sentence at hand, since energy is reintroduced in the second half of the comparison in both iterations above, we can drop both from consideration. Of course, there is a third interpretation that rectifies the issue:
3) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as was generated in 1990.
This is a proper comparison, but notice that energy has fallen by the wayside. The logical implication is that it simply does not belong, whatever it may stand in for. Compare our corrected version of the sentence with answer choice (C):
(C) more than ten times as much energy is... generated through wind power... as was the case in 1990.
Can we reasonably summarize the process of how much energy was generated with the noun phrase the case? Sure. There are many such dummy phrases that could work here—the state of _____ comes to mind. The exact noun hardly matters, as long as it is clear that the comparison is between an amount at one point in time and an amount at another point in time. Most importantly, there are major flaws with (B) and (D), as discussed above, whereas (C) just sounds awkward.
QUESTION TWO—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Quote:
I told you that as _____ than comes up a lot in these comparison questions. Would it surprise you to learn that, as of this writing, this question is sitting at only 35 percent accuracy—meaning that roughly two-thirds of people miss it—after 9,672 attempts on this site? That is astounding to me, since 60 percent of the answer choices can be eliminated in seconds. The question comes down to whether those is warranted in answer choice (E). Again, ask yourself what the word could reasonably replace within the comparison. (Ignore the degree of the comparison in more than at the head.)
Comparison: three times as many independent institutions of higher education charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as... over $16,000.
Pith of comparison (minus unnecessary modifiers/information): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as... over $16,000.
Answer choice (E): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
Interpretation: three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as institutions charging over $16,000.
Why has the verb charge in the comparison morphed into a different form—the adjective modifier charging—later on? The comparison should be between what some institutions charge and what other institutions charge. Keep things simple, tit for tat. If answer choice (E) is an imposter, then only (D) remains. Test within our stripped-down shell of the comparison:
Answer choice (D): three times as many institutions charge under $8,000 a year as charge over $16,000.
Yes, that makes sense, little different from saying, As many people voted in the 2020 election as voted in 2016. For the second question in a row, we can observe that when the action has fallen after the comparison marker, as _____, the actions can be compared without the subject reentering the comparison.
QUESTION THREE—LINK (source: Official Guide)
Quote:
This sentence looks a little different from the others. What, exactly, is being compared? In keeping with our tenet to keep things simple, if you said people, you are correct. If you like to be more granular, the number of people is also accurate. The comparative marker is comma + about, and it applies to nearly eight million people that immediately precedes it. So, the comparison:
nearly eight million people, about _____ the nation's four-year colleges and universities
Now, since people are not the same as an enrollment, but rather comprise an enrollment (i.e. an enrollment of people), we can drop answer choices (A) and (D) from consideration. Notice that (B) and (C) both use those. Substitute people in each instance as a litmus test:
(B) nearly eight million people, about the equivalent of people enrolled in unis. (We need not worry about the "fluff.")
(C) nearly eight million people, about equal to people who are enrolled in unis.
In (B), what does the equivalent of people mean? Something like people, as in humanoids? We would certainly want to add number of to draw a proper comparison—nearly eight million people, about the equivalent number of people enrolled in unis—but from where would we draw such information in the sentence on the screen? (B) is in serious trouble now, since we cannot supply information just to fit what we want the sentence to say.
Answer choice (C) is little better: nearly eight million people [are] about equal to people? No. We need another amount to enter the picture. Compare to the only option that is left in (E):
(E) nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in unis.
This people-to-people comparison works. Unlike what we have seen in the previous two questions, though, this one does not introduce a verb into the comparison ahead of the second element. Rather, elements X and Y themselves are being compared (not their actions). It would not be improper to write, nearly eight million people, about as many people as are enrolled in unis. This comparison is more overt—think of it as somewhat similar to an absolute phrase renaming a key noun from the main clause, versus another type of modifier that does not repeat that noun—but the lack of a subject after as _____ as in answer choice (E) does not work against it because there is only one reasonable interpretation for what is being compared, the number of people. No one would reasonably question, About as many what?
QUESTION FOUR—LINK (source: GMAT Prep)
Quote:
Before we get into this one, drop answer choices (A) and (D) for mixing comparisons: as much _____ than. (E) can enter the scrapheap for improperly delivering on more _____, which should be followed by than, not as. Again, we should be down to just two answer choices within maybe half a minute. So, what is being compared? Ignore the splits.
Full comparison: the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water... as... previously thought.
Pith of comparison: [the] crust harbors up to three times as much water... as... previously thought.
Luckily for us, answer choice (B) suffers from a fatal meaning issue: harbors up to three times as much water or more as. Up to is supposed to set an upper limit, so the presence of or more is nonsensical. Take it as a gift when these sorts of issues keep you from having to invest more time and energy into disproving anything. We already know the answer must be (C). But consider the comparison:
the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as previously thought
Well, who was doing the thinking in the latter part of the comparison? Presumably, the scientists mentioned earlier in the sentence. (Not the same scientists, perhaps, but scientists in general.) Are there reasonable interpretations for the missing information? Test:
1) the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as was previously thought
2) the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as scientists previously thought
If you straighten out the passive construct of the first iteration, you will appreciate that it conveys the same information as the second (i.e. as was previously thought by scientists. Is the passive voice incorrect on the GMATTM? No. (See this question on starfish if you need proof. Pay attention to the arm in particular.) Since either interpretation passes our litmus test, we can safely get behind (C) and put the question behind us.
There you have it. These were just a few comparisons that incorporated an as _____ as structure, but we can study and learn from them. Most importantly, trust your process and the context of the sentence at hand, not some hard-and-fast rule that you read in a forum or saw in a YouTube tutorial. First, what is the comparison? Second, if there are missing words, what reasonable interpretation can you supply? I would suggest you get rid of any options on grounds that you feel more confident assessing before you turn to anything else. When you work with just what is left, you start to see matters in a different light.
Good luck with your studies, everyone. I would like to thank GraceSCKao for raising queries on the above questions, as well as for being patient with me while I worked on giving this post the treatment I thought it deserved.
- Andrew
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GraceSCKao
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16 Apr 2022, 03:12
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AndrewN
AndrewN
Thank you so much Andrew for this post!
I spent about 30 minutes reading this post--I presume that you spent much more time writing it. Appreciate your time, response and insights on these questions! The "As__As" structure is more clear to me because of your insights.
After reading your post, I begin to feel that there might be no one set of rules for ellipsis in English language. But it is always essential to think: what are the two items being compared in the context? And, if there is something missed in the second half, can we still get a reasonable interpretation or there is ambiguity in meaning? I think that thinking through these two questions is even harder than learning the rules, but this might be the crux of GMAT SC section--we just have to think about the meaning seriously.
Since "As_As" structure could be ever-changing, as shown by the variety of the four questions, the two fundamental approaches might be the best and most efficient way to solve the questions.
Thank you once again for this post! I plan to print it out so I can check it from time to time. I am sure that many test takers would benefit from this post too! And sorry for my late response--I had password issues these days.
16 Apr 2022, 09:04
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GraceSCKao
I was happy to create the topic, GraceSCKao. Exploring such issues opens my own eyes to some of the very concepts I teach. You have summarized my post about as well as I can imagine. One more thought, from a post I wrote earlier today:
AndrewN
Thank you for taking the time to read my analysis above, GraceSCKao, and for being so respectful. The entire community benefits from your contributions.
- Andrew
Updated on: 27 Apr 2022, 21:41
Originally posted by AcceleratorCC on 27 Apr 2022, 16:35.
Last edited by AcceleratorCC on 27 Apr 2022, 21:41, edited 1 time in total.
Last edited by AcceleratorCC on 27 Apr 2022, 21:41, edited 1 time in total.
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Hi AndrewN, thanks for putting those questions together! A lifesaver for me. 
As you know I was new to GMAT. For the first time I read the Manhattan grammar book, I thought I knew the comparison. But after I met those questions, I feel that I know LITTLE about the monsters. I am struggling with those comparisons all these days. I failed three of the four questions at the first attempt. The thing that drove me crazy is not the "as...as..." comparison, but the omitted words in the second half of the comparison, no matter if it is for "as...as..." or "more than". I hope you would kindly shed some light on my questions.
I didn't quite get the "redundancy" caused by the "energy". What I learnt about the comparison is that the second half of the comparison should be parallel to the first half of the comparison. If there is a noun (energy) in the first half, why the noun/pronoun becomes redundant in the second half? Regarding the sentence " The generator stores more energy now than in the past", indeed I couldn't find a way to squeeze in "energy" after than. But I was wondering if we could say
"The generator stores more energy now than it stores in the past"?
In addition to that, is the sentence "The energy stored by generator now is more than that/it/the energy stored in the past" correct? or which is the correct noun/pronoun in this sentence? I am really confused about whether we should include the noun/pronoun.
I also found a question "Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter", can we exclude the "they did"? I feel that it is similar to "The generator stores more energy now than in the past"......
I was wondering if you would kindly help me draw some conclusions about the "the noun/pronoun must be included in the second half", "the noun/pronoun must not be included in the second half" and "it doesn't matter if include or not"? I know it is impossible to have "hard-and-fast" rule, and it is case by case. I just want to get some general ideas/rules that could help me analyze the questions. For example, can I categorize the first three questions as "the noun/pronoun must not be included in the second half"? what structure/feature makes them fall in this category? For the sentence "The energy stored by generator now is more than that/it/the energy stored in the past", why the noun/pronoun is required (please correct me if I made mistake here)? Both versions are comparing the amount of energy generated/stored at present compared to the amount generated/stored in the past, what the differences make one require a pronoun and the other not?
Can we say "as those charge"? In this case, we don't change the verb "charge" to "-ing" modifier. If not, why?
I am sorry for bringing up so many questions, some of which may look obvious to you. Though I read many comments of other experts and Manhattan book, and looked at several videos about comparison, I still couldn't figure them out. If those questions are not good to ask here, do you mind sharing some articles/videos/links with me so that I can learn the comparison better before asking? Thanks in advance for your help!
As you know I was new to GMAT. For the first time I read the Manhattan grammar book, I thought I knew the comparison. But after I met those questions, I feel that I know LITTLE about the monsters. I am struggling with those comparisons all these days. I failed three of the four questions at the first attempt. The thing that drove me crazy is not the "as...as..." comparison, but the omitted words in the second half of the comparison, no matter if it is for "as...as..." or "more than". I hope you would kindly shed some light on my questions.
AndrewN
I didn't quite get the "redundancy" caused by the "energy". What I learnt about the comparison is that the second half of the comparison should be parallel to the first half of the comparison. If there is a noun (energy) in the first half, why the noun/pronoun becomes redundant in the second half? Regarding the sentence " The generator stores more energy now than in the past", indeed I couldn't find a way to squeeze in "energy" after than. But I was wondering if we could say
"The generator stores more energy now than it stores in the past"?
In addition to that, is the sentence "The energy stored by generator now is more than that/it/the energy stored in the past" correct? or which is the correct noun/pronoun in this sentence? I am really confused about whether we should include the noun/pronoun.
I also found a question "Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter", can we exclude the "they did"? I feel that it is similar to "The generator stores more energy now than in the past"......
I was wondering if you would kindly help me draw some conclusions about the "the noun/pronoun must be included in the second half", "the noun/pronoun must not be included in the second half" and "it doesn't matter if include or not"? I know it is impossible to have "hard-and-fast" rule, and it is case by case. I just want to get some general ideas/rules that could help me analyze the questions. For example, can I categorize the first three questions as "the noun/pronoun must not be included in the second half"? what structure/feature makes them fall in this category? For the sentence "The energy stored by generator now is more than that/it/the energy stored in the past", why the noun/pronoun is required (please correct me if I made mistake here)? Both versions are comparing the amount of energy generated/stored at present compared to the amount generated/stored in the past, what the differences make one require a pronoun and the other not?
AndrewN
Can we say "as those charge"? In this case, we don't change the verb "charge" to "-ing" modifier. If not, why?
I am sorry for bringing up so many questions, some of which may look obvious to you. Though I read many comments of other experts and Manhattan book, and looked at several videos about comparison, I still couldn't figure them out. If those questions are not good to ask here, do you mind sharing some articles/videos/links with me so that I can learn the comparison better before asking? Thanks in advance for your help!
, but I hope to learn and have a better understanding from those comparisons. Thanks again for your help. 
