Thumb rule : Whenever you read a sentence ensure whether it is written in direct speech or indirect speech. This question is written in indirect speech, therefore we will have to take care of tenses according to rules which work for indirect speech.
In indirect speech incidents of past described by third person takes past perfect verb.
To understand this concept or refer
Magoosh's article:
https://magoosh.com/gmat/2013/sequence-o ... orrection/Q-
Recounting a painful childhood experience, the woman remembered that her father was very angry when she failed the fifth grade because she could see him shaking with angerA. Recounting a painful childhood experience, the woman remembered that her father was very angry when she failed the fifth grade because she could see him shaking with anger
Above sentence is wrong because third person events are described in simple past tense.
B. Recounting a painful childhood experience, the woman recounted that her father was shaking with anger when she failed the fifth grade.
Same as A.C. Painfully, the woman remembered
when she failed the fifth grade and
when her father was shaking with anger.
These two events are interrelated but in C these events are expressed as independent events separated by conjunction. It also violates the indirect speech tense usage.D. The failure of the fifth grade and her father’s anger were painful for the woman recounting the experience.
Again as in C, in D events are expressed as they are not interrelated.
E. The woman described her father’s shaking with anger when he learned that she had failed the fifth grade.
I am not very much satisfied with "he learned" it should be "when he had learned", but this choice is better than all other choices.As per my understanding:
present tense - direct speech : my father knows that I failed in test.
Above statement in indirect speech. He said that his father knew that he had failed in test.
past tense - direct speech : My father knew that I had failed the test.
indirect speech : He said that his father had known that he had failed the test. (This is what I am expecting in option E)