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505-555 Level|   Modifiers|   Parallelism|                              
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 02 Jul 2019, 20:10
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Both X and Y,

Why do we need both if and is present- is it redundant?
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 08 Jul 2019, 13:50
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aakash214
Both X and Y,

Why do we need both if and is present- is it redundant?
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Hello aakash214!

That is a great question! When we use the word "both" in the idiom "both X and Y," it is mainly there to provide extra emphasis. There is nothing wrong with taking out the word "both," especially if you find yourself saying it several times in the same paragraph. It's just something we do in English to add emphasis to the pair of items/people we're trying to focus on - it's not there because it MUST be there.

I hope that helps!
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 08 Oct 2020, 04:12
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imhimanshu
Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as the content of his fiction.


(A) that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as

(B) that of Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, and it informed his literary style as well as

(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and

(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as

(E) Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to


SC01946


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is the parallelism correct? both his literary style and the content of his fiction.
can anyone please help me understand this.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 08 Oct 2020, 19:43
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KSN27
is the parallelism correct? both his literary style and the content of his fiction.
can anyone please help me understand this.
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I believe your question was answered in this post.

If you have any follow-up questions, let us know!
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 13 Nov 2020, 11:27
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Hi huys, I have a question regarding the parallelism in the answer C: informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction.

I don't understand why is considered correct, a parallelism does not has both part with the same construction? for example both his X and his Y or both the X and the Y ???

thank you so much for your help.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 15 Nov 2020, 21:16
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gmatxsurf
Hi huys, I have a question regarding the parallelism in the answer C: informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction.

I don't understand why is considered correct, a parallelism does not has both part with the same construction? for example both his X and his Y or both the X and the Y ???

thank you so much for your help.
egmat
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Hi gmatxsurf,

Those words are not as important as the "main" word. For example, in both his job and her career, we would not insist on using a his before career.

Also, this post may be useful.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 03 Dec 2020, 07:18
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I s there a violation of parallelism in (C), with "both" followed by a pronoun, and the immediate word after "and" starts without a pronoun. Although pronoun is still after words after. So are we allowed to do this?
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 03 Dec 2020, 07:51
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lakshya14
I s there a violation of parallelism in (C), with "both" followed by a pronoun, and the immediate word after "and" starts without a pronoun. Although pronoun is still after words after. So are we allowed to do this?
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Hi Lakhysa, his literary style is a noun phrase and the content of his fiction is also a noun phrase.

So, they are parallel.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 06 Dec 2020, 18:01
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What is the reason the the "both x&y" idiom/parallelism i allowed to (seemingly) be broken here?
"informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction"

Wouldn't strict use require "both his literary style and his fiction"?
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 06 Dec 2020, 21:45
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fireagablast
What is the reason the the "both x&y" idiom/parallelism i allowed to (seemingly) be broken here?
"informing both his literary style and the content of his fiction"

Wouldn't strict use require "both his literary style and his fiction"?
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Hi fireagablast,

It would be very difficult to use a his there. We could, I suppose, go with both his literary style and his fiction's content, but that construction would end up being somewhat awkward. More importantly, the his is not very important. We should focus on the "main word".
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 24 Dec 2020, 00:35
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Dear All,

I have a concern - in option D the pronoun it structurally refers to the subject "knowledge", it logically should also refer to "knowledge", thus I am confused as to how to decide on pronoun ambiguity exists or not, if someone can shed light on this then it would be very helpful

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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 24 Dec 2020, 09:25
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adarsh1993
Dear All,

I have a concern - in option D the pronoun it structurally refers to the subject "knowledge", it logically should also refer to "knowledge", thus I am confused as to how to decide on pronoun ambiguity exists or not
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Yes Adarsh. It seems you are already very well aware of the concept.

In option D the pronoun it structurally refers to the subject "knowledge", and logically also, it should also refer to "knowledge".

Hence, the usage of pronoun it, in option D is valid.

In any case, pronoun ambiguity should not be the only reason to eliminate an answer choice.

p.s. Our book EducationAisle Sentence Correction Nirvana discusses Pronoun ambiguity, its application and examples in significant detail. If you or someone is interested, PM me your email-id; I can mail the corresponding section.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 20 Sep 2021, 21:49
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imhimanshu
Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as the content of his fiction.


(A) that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as

(B) that of Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, and it informed his literary style as well as

(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and

(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as

(E) Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to


SC01946


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How can 'it' refer to development, as knowledge is the subject of the first clause, 'it' should refer to only knowledge right?
Please correct me if I am wrong.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 21 Sep 2021, 08:37
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satish97n
How can 'it' refer to development, as knowledge is the subject of the first clause, 'it' should refer to only knowledge right?
Please correct me if I am wrong.
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Hi satish97n,

Which option are you looking at? Generally speaking, pronoun ambiguity isn't a particularly reliable way to get into a question, and we normally prioritise other, more reliable splits.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 08 Nov 2021, 03:50
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satish97n
imhimanshu
Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as the content of his fiction.


(A) that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as

(B) that of Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, and it informed his literary style as well as

(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and

(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as

(E) Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to


SC01946


Show Spoiler
Attachment:
20.jpg
Attachment:
21.jpg
Attachment:
22.jpg
Attachment:
23.jpg
Attachment:
24.jpg

How can 'it' refer to development, as knowledge is the subject of the first clause, 'it' should refer to only knowledge right?
Please correct me if I am wrong.
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Hello satish97n,

We hope this finds you well.

Having gone through the question and your query, we believe we can help resolve your doubt.

Firstly, please note that the correct answer choice here - Option C - does not employ "it". Further, there is no such rule that the pronoun in a secondary clause must refer to the subject of the primary. For example, "John crashed his car on the road near his house, as it had a pothole." - here, "it" clearly refers to "road". The use of "it" is somewhat ambiguous, but the context makes it clear what "it" refers to. Please consider this sentence, for an example with no ambiguity, "John crashed his car, as its brakes were faulty." - here, "its" unambiguously refers to the object of the preceding clause, "car".

The answer choices that utilize "it" - Options B and D - are incorrect as they alter the intended meaning of the sentence.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 14 Jun 2022, 05:51
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ERRORS:

1. "that of japan" is not parallel to other entities.

2. "were" is wrong.... Subject is "knowledge" which is singular.

3. Comparison is wrong in D.

Knowledge informed the literary style as much as knowledge informed the content of his fiction.
Knowledge informed the literary style as much as the content of his fiction informed the literary
style.
4. In option B, no need to make second part ",and it informed ..." an IC. Both are same thoughts and telling us why "knowledge was instrumental in his development"
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 21 Jun 2022, 01:24
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Two similar question
The main point is use participle for the meaning "because."

Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as the content of his fiction.

(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and (OA)
(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as

(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and (OA)
=(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, BECAUSE Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge INFORMED both his literary style and (OA)

(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as
=(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as(BECAUSE) it(Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge) informed his literary style as much as

the problem here is "as much as."



The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world in that a sacred truce was proclaimed during the festival’s month.

(B) world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
(D) world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival (OA)

for this one
(B) The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world, proclaiming a sacred truce during the festival’s month
=(B) The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world, BECAUSE The Olympic Game proclaimed a sacred truce during the festival’s month
but it should be: the pugnacious states of the Greek world proclaimed a sacred truce

(D) The Olympic Games helped to keep peace among the pugnacious states of the Greek world, for a sacred truce was proclaimed during the month of the festival (OA)
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 22 Jun 2022, 08:36
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daagh
Choice D’s problems stem from the pronoun ‘it’ and the conjunction ‘as’.

First, it can refer to either knowledge or development. In both cases, it does not fit in logically.

Second, the knowledge was the first factor, his development as a writer is the next factor, and the third is the information about his style and function. The development and the information thereof are independent functions and not cause and effects. D is distorting the meaning by implying that development and information occurred simultaneously or the information occurred because of development. ‘As’ has meaning of ‘because ’ and ‘at the same time’. This is fatal error.
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 04 Mar 2023, 04:03
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Hello Everyone!

Let's take a look at this question, one issue at a time, and narrow it down to the right choice! Before we dive in, let's take a look at the original question and highlight any major differences between the options in orange:

Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as the content of his fiction.

(A) that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as
(B) that of Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, and it informed his literary style as well as
(C) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and
(D) Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as
(E) Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to

After a quick glance over the options, we have a few things we can focus on:

1. that of Japan / Japan (parallelism)
2. was / were (subject-verb agreement)
3. How they end (modifiers/conjunctions)

Let's start with #1 on our list: that of Japan / Japan. This is an issue of parallelism! Let's take a look at each option, and determine which ones use parallel structure, and toss out the ones that don't:

(A) Europe, China, and that of Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style as much as
(B) Europe, China, and that of Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, and it informed his literary style as well as
(C) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and
(D) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as
(E) Europe, China, and Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to

We can rule out options A & B because "that of Japan" isn't worded the same way as the other two items on the list (Europe, China).

Now, let's move on to #2 on our list: was / were. This is an issue of subject-verb agreement! We know the subject of the sentence is "knowledge," which is a singular subject, and that means we need to use a singular verb to match. Let's see which options use a singular verb, and toss out the ones that don't:

(C) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and
(D) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as
(E) Europe, China, and Japan were instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style in addition to

We can rule out option E because it uses the plural verb "were" with a singular subject, which doesn't agree!

Now that we're left with only 2 options, let's move on to #3 on our list: how they end. We need to make sure the ending makes sense, doesn't distort meaning, and is 100% clear for readers:

(C) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, informing both his literary style and

This is CORRECT! The modifier "informing both his literary style and..." is clearly modifying the subject "knowledge." It also follows the idiomatic structure "both X and Y" at the end when it says "both his literary style and the content of his fiction."

(D) Europe, China, and Japan was instrumental in his development as a writer, as it informed his literary style as much as

This is INCORRECT because it's not written clearly. We have the pronoun "it," which could refer to knowledge or development. Vague pronouns are a major no-no on the GMAT! Also, the word "as" is a problem because it changes the meaning. This sentence is saying that Akutagawa's knowledge helped him develop as a writer at the same time that it informed his literary style and the content of his fiction. This isn't true - he gained the knowledge first, and then it helped make him a better writer!

There you have it - option C is the right choice here! It uses parallel structure, proper subject-verb agreement, and a clearly written modifier!


Don't study for the GMAT. Train for it.
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Hi EMPOWERgmatVerbal

Could you help explain why we can use V-ing to modify "knowledge" in this sentence? I see you mentioned "Using -ing modifiers only works when we're modifying people" in another port: https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-nineteenth-century-chemist-humphry-davy-presented-the-results-of-84616.html?

Thank you
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Ryunosuke Akutagawa‘s knowledge of the literatures of Europe, China 01 May 2023, 08:32
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I understand C is the right answer choice. However I have a doubt here. "Both X and Y" is the right idiom, and X and Y should be in parallel to each other. In this case, how are "his literary style" and "the content of his fiction" in parallel ?
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