The bowerbirds of Australia derive their name from the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs to attract females, decorating them with flowers and other vegetation in a display of courtship.
a) the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs to attract females, decorating them with flowers and other vegetation – ‘Them’ is ambiguous here, it has no clear referent. Verb+ing modifier ‘Decorating’ is actually modifying preceding clause i. e. the fact that…….
b) the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs that the males build and decorate with flowers and other vegetation in order to attract females – Concise, Parallel, and in-order-to is correctly placed.
c) the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs, decorated with flowers and other vegetation that the males use to attract females – ‘That’ modifies vegetation and not bowers.
d) the fact that the males build elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs, having decorated them with flowers and other vegetation, to attract females – ‘Having’ makes a sentence passive and passive constructions are generally not desirable on GMAT. Also -ing are not favorite to GMAT.
e) the elaborate bowers of sticks and twigs that are built by the males and decorated with flowers and other vegetation to attract females – Passive construction. Who is doing ‘Decorating’ ?
Experts please correct or add if something wrong or missing.