The early 1980s were a time of growing interest in the potential of

Question

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Passage # 21, Date: 11-Apr-2020
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The early 1980s were a time of growing interest in the potential of genetic research. The tedious and painstaking process of analyzing even a short segment of DNA, however, posed a problem for scientists until 1983, when Kary Mullis happened upon one of the most important ideas ever discovered in the field of genetics. He helped to develop what would eventually be known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the foundation for a quick and easy process to create multiple copies of DNA from a single strand.

Multiple copies of DNA samples are necessary for researchers so that they can analyze a DNA sample quickly and with less risk to the original material. To copy a molecule of DNA, its double-helix molecular structure must be unwound into two matching halves. Each half is then replicated, and the 4 resulting segments are reattached, resulting in two identical copies of the complete DNA strand. Mullis' breakthrough was his discovery that naturally occurring DNA-copying enzymes known as polymerases could be harnessed to do the job, if pointed to the right stretch of DNA to copy and provided with the right chemical building blocks for making new DNA.

One complicating factor was the extreme sensitivity of the polymerase enzymes to the heat required to unwind DNA segments. When researchers copied a strand of DNA and then wished to make another copy, a new batch of polymerase was needed, since the heat used in the process kept destroying the previous batch. For each single copy of a piece of DNA, then, a technician had to monitor the heating cycle and add new enzymes.

The discovery of a temperature-resistant polymerase derived from a bacterium that lives in hot springs greatly enhanced the functionality of PCR. This version of the enzyme, able to withstand multiple cycles of heating and cooling, could make large numbers of copies from a single strand of DNA with minimal human involvement. Using the new process, DNA is heated, unwound, replicated, and reassembled over and over automatically. At each step, the number of copies is doubled, until millions or billions of copies are created. Scientists can now study a piece of DNA without worrying about damaging or destroying it, since multiple copies are readily available. The PCR process is not wholly error-free, but without this monumental discovery, genetics as we know it today would not exist.    1 
 1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research
D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means

2 
 2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be.
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier.
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist.
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important.
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes.

3 
 3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples
C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement

4 
 4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA
B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication

ksht · Answer

1.) E as para 3 starts with 'One complicating factor' and para 4 introduces alternative means.
2.) C as last line - 'The PCR process is not wholly error-free, but without this monumental discovery, genetics as we know it today would not exist'
3.) C as 'This version of the enzyme, able to withstand multiple cycles of heating and cooling, could make large numbers of copies from a single strand of DNA'- means although this version could make large number of copies but it doesn't eliminate the need to add new enzymes during copying altogether .
4.) B as para 2 talks about process of PCR, para 3 about complication, para 4 about the evolution of PCR

ankitud · Answer

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR - correct,Explains the need of technician in controlling the heat
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying - it instead suggest the way to copy enzyme in controlled heat under technician
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research - it doesn’t present an alternative to pcr but present the method to copy PCR
D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR - instead it shows problem confronted during copying of PCR
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means - instead it identify the way to copy the PCR

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be. - It can not be flawless as more development was made after its invention 
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier. - technicians role came only after the development of PCR
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist. It existed but was very painstaking
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important. - it instead required controlled heating for copying of PCR
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes - Correct,4 th paragraph suggest the temperature-resistant polymerase derived from a bacterium that lives in hot springs greatly enhanced the functionality of PCR.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA - implies
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples - implies
C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying -correct, it did not eliminate the need but made it easy to copy new enzymes
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying - true
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement - true

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA - mention diff methods of copying through heating and enzymes but doesn’t compare
B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution - not only pcr evolution but the passage also demonstrates the copying of DNA 
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR - also describes the process of copying of DNA 
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA - correct, it demonstrates the difficulty in copying of DNA through heating and enzymes
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication -

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Gowtham91 · Answer

My answers. 
Q1. D. Third paragraph discusses the challenge faced by the researchers during DNA copying using PCR
Q2. E - 1st sentence of last paragraph is the evidence. 
Q3. C - While it is mentioned that the discovery of temperature resistant polymerase enabled copying of DNA multiple times, it is not mentioned that it eliminated the need to add enzymes. 
Q4. B - the whole passage is structured in a way to explain how PCR (invented by Kary Mullis) helped the genetics.

bM22 · Answer

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR -  Incorrect - out of scope

B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying -  incorrect ; only complication is mentioned, not why its not a good method.

C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research -  incorrect  - no alternative approach is mentioned in the 3rd para

D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR -  Correct  - as clearly a complication faced by the researchers is mentioned in the passage.

E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means -  Incorrect  - no alternative means is mentioned in the 3rd para.

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be. -  Incorrect  - it's mentioned in the last lines of the passage, that PCR is not wholly error free, but nothing is mentioned about it being flawless.

B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier. -  Incorrect  - not one of the major reasons for the discovery.

C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist. -  Incorrect  The last lines suggest that Genetics that we know today would not exist. Not that it would not exist at all.

D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important. -  Incorrect , heating was as it is a complication as mentioned in the 3rd para, so this option is wrong.

E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes. --  Correct -  as the sole purpose of this discovery was to create multiple copies of DNA from one single strand that reseachers could use for their studies, which is already a natural process.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A, B, D, E -  Incorrect  ; mentioned in the passage

C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying -  Correct  as rest all the options are mentioned and discussed in the passage.

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA -  Incorrect  as only 1 method i.e PCR is discussed throughout the passage.
B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution -  Correct  ; since the passage mentions the discovery of PCR, complications it faced and how it was overcome.
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR -  Incorrect  - not mentioned in the passage.
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA -  Incorrect  - difficulty is only mentioned in details w.r.t PCR, that is no the primary purpose though.
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication-  Incorrect   - its just mentioned as a complication, this not anywhere near to the purpose of the passage.

rahat16 · Answer

My answers are in bold.

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A.   examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR  –  This paragraph introduces some limitations with PCR just to say that technicians were needed for some part of the process . If see link between 3rd and 4th paragraph ,4th paragraph says that PCR was evolved to work with minimal human intervention, So the author writes 3rd paragraph to show that there was a need for human intervention which was later minimized.
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying – the passage no where says it not a good method ; instead it merely says the PCR had some limitations ( sensitivity to heat) and technician had to monitor heating cyle
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research – to alternative to PCR has been suggested in para 3
D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR – Though the paragraph talks about some problem with PCR but this problem did not happen during development pf PCR process. 
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means – though complications are being identified in paragraph 3 but it suggests ways to handle complications introduced. It doesn’t suggest alternative means

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be.- we don’t know if its close to flowless.
B.   PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier.  - The 1st paragraph says that analyzing each strand of DNA is tedious . PCR helped with scientists as gene copying got easier and later evolved to be done with minimal intervention.
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist.- Passage states that “ PCR process is not wholly error-free, but without this monumental discovery, genetics as we know it today would not exist.” 
This is to say that without PCR all that we know about genetics today would not exist i.e we woundn’t have known so much about genetics. 
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important.-its not stated anywhere in the passage
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA – this is stated in paragraph 2
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples – this is stated in parapgrah 4 
 C.  eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying   – this is correct according to passage it states that “This version of the enzyme, able to withstand multiple cycles of heating and cooling,……
This means techinician was not required to add enzymes per cycle ;but it doesn’t mean the need was completely eliminated 
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying – this is inferred meaning of the passage 
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement…..this is stated in paragraph 4 
This version of the enzyme, able to withstand multiple cycles of heating and cooling, could make large numbers of copies from a single strand of DNA with minimal human involvement.

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA – no comparison is being done 
B.   explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution   – Yes , this is correct 
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR – we are not discussion how Mullins came up with idea
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA – this is just one aspect of passage but not primary purpose
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication- this is just one aspect of passage but not primary purpose

SSandy066 · Answer

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research
D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR.  -> Correct 
 Explanation: Para 3 “One complicating factor … polymerase…..”  
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be.  -> Correct 
  Explanation: Para 4 “…. The PCR process is not wholly error-free, but without this monumental discovery, genetics as we know it today would not exist.”  
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier.
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist.  ->Wrong .  Option is too extreme. However, passage mentione “…genetics as we know it today would not exist.”   
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important.
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA.  ->Wrong. Mentioned in Para 1 “(PCR), the foundation for a quick and easy process to create multiple copies of DNA from a single strand” 
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples.  -> Wrong .Mentioned in para 4”.. Scientists ….. DNA without worrying about damaging or destroying it, ….” 
C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying  -> Correct.   However, mentioned in para 3 “.. DNA, then, a technician had to monitor the heating cycle and add new enzymes…”  
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying.  ->Wrong.  Mentioned in para 2 “Multiple copies of DNA samples are necessary for researchers so that they can analyze a DNA sample quickly and with less risk to the original material. To copy a molecule of DNA, ……. Mullis' breakthrough was his discovery that naturally occurring DNA-copying enzymes known as polymerases could be harnessed to do the job, …” 
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement .   ->Wrong .Mentioned in Para 4 “…DNA with minimal human involvement..”

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA
B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution.  -> Correct 
 Explanation.
Para 1: Problem of scientist in genetic DNA study in ’80, And 1983 introduction of Mullis’ discovery of PCR.
Para 2: How PCR help to create DNA copy.
Para 3: difficulty to Polymerization
Para 4: New heat resistance enzyme help to create multi sample with human intervention.
And author support comment.  
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication.

vrooh11 · Answer

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to

A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR - correct,Explains the need of technician in controlling the heat
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying - it instead suggest the way to copy enzyme in controlled heat under technician
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research - it doesn’t present an alternative to pcr but present the method to copy PCR
D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR - instead it shows problem confronted during copying of PCR
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means - instead it identify the way to copy the PCR

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be. - It can not be flawless as more development was made after its invention
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier. - technicians role came only after the development of PCR
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist. It existed but was very painstaking
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important. - it instead required controlled heating for copying of PCR
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes - Correct,4 th paragraph suggest the temperature-resistant polymerase derived from a bacterium that lives in hot springs greatly enhanced the functionality of PCR.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for

A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA - implies
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples - implies
C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying -correct, it did not eliminate the need but made it easy to copy new enzymes
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying - true
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement - true

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. compare two different methods of copying DNA - mention diff methods of copying through heating and enzymes but doesn’t compare
B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution - not only pcr evolution but the passage also demonstrates the copying of DNA
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR - also describes the process of copying of DNA
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA - correct, it demonstrates the difficulty in copying of DNA through heating and enzymes
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication -

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SiffyB · Answer

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to
 
A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research
  D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR 
 E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means

Paragraph 3 startes off by saying "One complicating factor...". The paragraph is dedicated to discussing a pressing issue with involving the polymerase enzymes. Thus, only option (D) states this properly.
The paragraph does state the content of option (A) but that is not why the paragraph has been written/it's main function. (B) is alos not the intention of writing the prargraph. (C) is wrong as this is not stated in the paragraph. (E) is only partially correct because while complication is discussed, its solution/alternative means is not suggested.

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
 
A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be.
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier.
  C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist.  
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important.
E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes.

The last sentence of passage 4 lends credence to option (C). "The PCR process is not wholly error-free, but without this monumental discovery, genetics as we know it today would not exist."
Option (A) is not correct because the author never says that it is as close to flawless as possible. Option (B) is not our answer as the  sole  purpose of introducing PCR is not mentioned in the passage. Option (D) is incorrect. (E) is also not stated.

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for
 
A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples
  C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying 
 D. streamlining the process of DNA copying
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement

(A), (B), (D) and (E) are all clearly mentioned in the passage. Option (C) is not one of the contributions of PCR to genetics. It is the contribution of temperature-resistant polymerase.

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
 
A. compare two different methods of copying DNA
  B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution 
 C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication

(A) is incorrect as only one menthod of DNA copying is dicussed in the passage. (C) is incorrect because the "how" aspect is not discussed in the passage. Even if it is, (C) is very narrow in scope - confined to only the first paragraph and does not encompass the whole passage. (D) is incorrect because the passage does not explicitly "demonstrate" the difficulty, rather it states the difficulty and goes on to discuss about a method of DNA copying. (E) is again very limited in scope. (D) is our best option here.

AnirudhaS · Answer

Answers are in  bold .

1. The main function of Paragraph 3 is to
A. examine the need for technicians to be involved in PCR
B. suggest why PCR is not a good method for DNA copying
C. present an alternative to PCR for genetic research
 D. explain a problem confronted during the development of PCR 
E. identify the complications behind PCR and suggest alternative means

Explanation of question 1 
Paragraph 3 explains how a problem is confronted, and how it is dealt with. Therefore D perfectly fits as a good answer. Lets discuss why the others are not -
A - Too specific.
B - PCR IS a good method.
C - Author presents how PCR is used to copy DNA, not an alternative.
E - not just complications, too narrow.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?
A. PCR is, not error-free, but is as close to flawless as it can possibly be.
B. PCR was introduced for the sole purpose of making technicians' jobs easier.
C. Until PCR, the field of genetics could not exist.
D. PCR made the heating of DNA samples less important.
 E. Natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes.

Explanation of question 2 
For this question choices A and E are close. 
A - this is actually a trap answer. Although it is true that PCR is NOT error free, but no mention of it being FLAWLESS is mentioned. So we do not know for certain that if the author agrees with this statement or not.
E - This is true that natural processes can be harnessed for scientific purposes. It is explicitly explained by the author in the passage how method of DNA copying is done using natural processes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The author implies that PCR contributed to genetics in all of the following ways EXCEPT for
A. allowing for easy multiple copying of a segment of DNA
B. removing scientists' anxiety about destroying DNA samples
 C. eliminating altogether the need to add new enzymes during copying 
D. streamlining the process of DNA copying
E. making the copying process workable with minimal human involvement

Explanation of question 3 
This is an EXCEPT question. So we need to find 4 right choices, the one left behind is our answer. The word 'altogether' is not correct. It says that it has reduced the number of addition of enzymes, but altogether eliminationg, no.
A - mentioned in the passage
B - yup, anxiety is reduced by simplifying process
D - Yes, here - "Using the new process, 1. DNA is  heated , 2.  unwound , 3.  replicated , and 4.  reassembled  over and over automatically." Perfect case iof streamlining.
E - Yup in the last paragraph.
Therefoe, C is our answer.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. compare two different methods of copying DNA
 B. explain the process of PCR and its invention and evolution 
C. describe how Kary Mullis came up with the idea for PCR
D. demonstrate the difficulty of copying DNA
E. explore the role of heat and enzymes in DNA replication

Explanation of question 4 
For primary purpose questions I write down the tone of the passages. Its clear that the author is trying to first introduce a specific process - here PCR. Then he goes on with its history, problems it faced, solutions to the problems and finally concluding by saying it is a monumental discovery to the world of genetics. So he is basically describing the  evolution  of the process of PCR. Choice B perfectly fits as our answer.
We will still revisiti the other choices -
A - Not just comparing 2 methods, too narrow.
C - Again too narrow
D - Again, only one part of the passage, too narrow.
E - Again very specific, too narrow.

Sajjad1994 · Answer

OAs of this RC are posted now, if anyone have any question kindly let me know.

1. D
2. E
3. C
4. B

AnirudhaS  got 4/4,  SSandy066  3/4 and  abcdddddd  3/4.  vrooh11 ,  rahat16   bm2201  you all have done good job.

VSJ · Answer

congrats on regularly getting the answers correct. Can you tell me 2 things: 
1. What is your timing in solving the whole passage, i.e. from start of reading to answering all questions 
2. what is your method to deduce answers
Thanks

mehro023 · Answer

SajjadAhmad

Can we get the explanation of the OAs please ? I am not fully in agreement with the OA for Q2. Albeit the passage never says PCR is flawless, option A states it is AS CLOSE TO FLAWLESS, which also implies that it is not 100% flawless.

Thanks,
K

Sajjad1994 · Answer

Official Explanation 2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements? Difficulty Level: 700 Explanation (A) might be tempting, given that the last sentence of the passage says that PCR is not errorfree, but it's only half-right: The passage doesn't suggest that the author thinks that PCR is close to flawless. (B) is too extreme: Nowhere does the author suggest that PCR was introduced only to make things easier for technicians. (C) distorts the last sentence (.. .without PCR, "genetics as we know it today would not exist," ) but that doesn't mean that there was no genetic research at all before PCR came along. (D) is a 180: heating is a vital part of PCR. (E) is supported by what the author tells us about Kary Mullis' breakthroughthat it involved harnessing natural enzymes for the purpose of DNA copying and analysis. Answer: E Apart from this explanation you can also read these below explanations from members i hope they would be helpful https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-early-19 ... l#p2494369 https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-early-19 ... l#p2494154 Regards

The early 1980s were a time of growing interest in the potential of

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GMAT Reading Comprehension (RC) Questions

The early 1980s were a time of growing interest in the potential of

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