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Updated on: 06 Jun 2021, 05:34
Originally posted by sacmanitin on 25 Oct 2009, 03:15.
Last edited by Bunuel on 06 Jun 2021, 05:34, edited 2 times in total.
Last edited by Bunuel on 06 Jun 2021, 05:34, edited 2 times in total.
Renamed the topic and edited the question.
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D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
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Question Stats:
46% (01:26) correct
54%
(01:37)
wrong
based on 5554
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The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation.
(A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
(A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
(E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
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02 May 2010, 11:25
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Hey All,
A good explanation from demon on this one, but I just wanted to weigh in. This is a GMAT favorite trick, because students don't like paralleling -ing words with -ed words. However, when both are parallel this is okay. Remember, you can always change tense in parallel, even with verbs ("I liked to eat chicken but now I only like pork." That's past tense with present tense, joined by the conjunction "but"). But actually, tense isn't an issue here. Both -ing words and -ed words are participles, meaning they are just adjectives. Adjectives don't really HAVE tense (because they aren't verbs), so that's a second reason we shouldn't care. "Perpetuated" in this case is just passive, where as "originating" is active.
The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation.
(A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: (First, which needs a comma before it). Okay, so it's the SECOND "and" here that marks the parallelism we care about (the other "and" parallels ethnic and cultural heritages, and is always correct). We're always concerned with whatever comes DIRECTLY after the parallel marker. In this case, we get "perpetuated". This is a participle, so we need another one earlier in the sentence. Instead, we get "originate", which is a present tense verb.
(B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: Again, we look after the marker "and" and find the participle "perpetuated". Unfortunately, "originated" here is a past tense verb, not a participle. How do we know? Consider the difference here:
I read the book. ("read" = past tense verb...it has a subject in the main clause, "I")
Read by millions, the book is one of the nation's most popular. ("read" = past participle, it's just a modifier, and we don't get the subject until it's the subject of a new clause "the book is...")
(C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: "Originated" can't be an action. This is just a misuse of the word. It may look parallel, but the participle of "originate" is "originating". Think about it. You can't put this in the past, because the word itself implies the past origin of something, even in the present tense (i.e. Originating in 1200 BC, the codex is the key to life itself).
(D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
ANSWER: Perpetuated = participle. Originating = participle. Parallel.
(E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
PROBLEM: "Perpetuating by" doesn't make any sense. We need it to be passive, not active.
Hope that helps!
-tommy
A good explanation from demon on this one, but I just wanted to weigh in. This is a GMAT favorite trick, because students don't like paralleling -ing words with -ed words. However, when both are parallel this is okay. Remember, you can always change tense in parallel, even with verbs ("I liked to eat chicken but now I only like pork." That's past tense with present tense, joined by the conjunction "but"). But actually, tense isn't an issue here. Both -ing words and -ed words are participles, meaning they are just adjectives. Adjectives don't really HAVE tense (because they aren't verbs), so that's a second reason we shouldn't care. "Perpetuated" in this case is just passive, where as "originating" is active.
The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation.
(A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: (First, which needs a comma before it). Okay, so it's the SECOND "and" here that marks the parallelism we care about (the other "and" parallels ethnic and cultural heritages, and is always correct). We're always concerned with whatever comes DIRECTLY after the parallel marker. In this case, we get "perpetuated". This is a participle, so we need another one earlier in the sentence. Instead, we get "originate", which is a present tense verb.
(B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: Again, we look after the marker "and" and find the participle "perpetuated". Unfortunately, "originated" here is a past tense verb, not a participle. How do we know? Consider the difference here:
I read the book. ("read" = past tense verb...it has a subject in the main clause, "I")
Read by millions, the book is one of the nation's most popular. ("read" = past participle, it's just a modifier, and we don't get the subject until it's the subject of a new clause "the book is...")
(C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
PROBLEM: "Originated" can't be an action. This is just a misuse of the word. It may look parallel, but the participle of "originate" is "originating". Think about it. You can't put this in the past, because the word itself implies the past origin of something, even in the present tense (i.e. Originating in 1200 BC, the codex is the key to life itself).
(D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated
ANSWER: Perpetuated = participle. Originating = participle. Parallel.
(E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating
PROBLEM: "Perpetuating by" doesn't make any sense. We need it to be passive, not active.
Hope that helps!
-tommy
02 Nov 2009, 09:09
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sacmanitin
Good question. Initially I chose B thinking of parallelism.
I tried to find explanations for D being correct and B being wrong from other sites using google.
The explanation looks like this:
B: language variations that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and (language variations that) perpetuated by geographic isolation.
the second part look awkward when considering the content in bracket. it would have been better if (language variations that) were perpetuated by geographic isolation.
So B is wrong.
in D parallelism is maintained because participles are used on both sides of 'and' (originating and perpetuated). It seems that it is ok to use the two tenses as long as both are participles
. Now, why is one (participle) present continuous and one past? One plausible explanation I found was that ethnic and cultural heritages are in a state of flux (so continuous) and geographic isolation is fixed (so past).I don't know if its ok to post links, otherwise i would have pasted the links too.
16 Jun 2021, 11:27
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gagan0303
As Karishma and Andrew have both noted, the difference between the modifier form and the verb form is often about meaning: passive vs active.
To see why, consider the various ways we can use "perpetuated" or "perpetuating."
- 1) Tim, who perpetuated the rumor that he'd been nominated for the Nobel Price in Physics, has failed every science class he's ever taken.
Here, "perpetuated" is functioning as a verb meaning "to make perpetual" or "to preserve." Because "who" refers to "Tim", we know that it's Tim who is actively keeping a rumor alive.
- 2) The rumor that Tim would win the Nobel, perpetuated by many of the neighborhood kids, spread far and wide.
This time "perpetuated" is functioning as a modifier describing the "rumor." Notice that the word has a passive connotation here. The "rumor" isn't doing anything itself. Someone or something else has to do the perpetuating, and in this case, it's the neighborhood kids who are preserving the rumor.
- 3) Perpetuating the rumor that he was going to win the Nobel, Tim tacked poorly made signs to every cork board in a three-mile radius of his house.
Now "perpetuating" is serving as a modifier describing "Tim," so again, there's an active connotation, and it's Tim preserving the idea.
To summarize: "perpetuated" can be used as a modifier or as a verb, depending on context. When it's used as a verb, it has an active connotation, but when it's used as a modifier, it's passive and should be done "by" some entity.
"Perpetuating" is a modifier that will describe the entity performing the action. This one also has an active connotation.
In this question, we know that the word is connected to "language variations." So the first question we'd ask ourselves is whether the language variations are doing the preserving (active) or are themselves being preserved (passive.) Clearly, the passive interpretation makes more sense, especially given the phrase, "by geographical isolation." So let's keep that in mind as we break down the options.
Quote:
This is like our first example above, in which "perpetuated" functions as the verb to "which", so it suggests that the language variations are actively doing the preserving.
This makes no sense. What are they preserving? Themselves? And now the phrase "by geographical isolation" doesn't work, since there's nothing for it to describe.
(A) is out.
Quote:
Same problem as (A), but now "perpetuated is the verb for "that." Kill (B).
Quote:
This is a mess. Notice that the portions in blue and red are both independent clauses, but there's no conjunction connecting them. This is a run-on sentence, so it's out.
Quote:
This looks better. Because "perpetuated" is parallel to the modifier "originating" we can assume that "perpetuated" is also serving as a modifier here, meaning it has a passive connotation. So the "language variations" are preserved by geographic isolation. Perfectly reasonable. Hold on to (D).
Quote:
Remember that "perpetuating" is a modifier with an active connotation, so we're back to this idea that the language variations are themselves doing the preserving. Same logical problem as (A) and (B). (E) is out.
So we're left with (D), which is our winner.
I hope that helps!
