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Sub 505 Level|   Modifiers|   Pronouns|   Subject Verb Agreement|   Verb Tense/Form|                  
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macjas
The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.


(A) having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they

(C) with its hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain scientists' assuming that they

(D) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain scientists' assuming that it

(E) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that it


a. subject verb agreement: help is a singular verb we need helps to agree with the singular subject "structure"
b. subject verb agreement: "they" is plural. all of the matching plural antecedents "hundreds" or
"eyes" do not make sense to use
c. same as b
d. same as a
e. structure is matched correctly with helps, and structure is the only logical antecedent for it.
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blueseas
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Could somebody please clarify me how "with" is different from "having" here.

How is it that "having" is modifying "structure", while "with" is modifying "compound insect eye". Kindly help me understand the usage of with here.

Thanks a lot GmatClub.

hi

having = have + ing = verb + ing.
verb-ing modifiers are very versatile modifiers.
there are two case


if verb-ing modifiers appear after a clause and is preceeded by comma ,then it modifies the entire preceeding clause.It
a) either presents additional information about the preceeding clause or
b) result of the preceeding clause.


if verb-ing modifiers appears without a comma==>it modifies the immediate noun.

now in our question:

The intricate structure of the compound insect eye, having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.

so according to rule HAVING is modifying the entire preceeding clause....
so in this sentence ...meanig coming out: intricate structure are having hundreds of miniature eyes==> this is illogical as structure cant have eyes...
hence we can eliminate all the option using HAVING


please refre to this also.

https://gmatclub.com/forum/usage-of-verb ... 35220.html


hope it makes sense now.


Hi blueseas,

Is "The intricate structure of the compound insect eye" a clause? It doesn't have verb.
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The structure of the compound eye, _______ evolved independently of the vertebrate eye.
My thought process:

(A) having hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain why scientists have assumed that it- the structure has hundreds of miniature eyes? Nope

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they - the structure having miniature eyes? Nope. The compound eye does.

(C) with its hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain scientists' assuming that the - extra extra word

(D) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, help explain scientists' assuming that it - use of possession needs a noun. I would expect scientists' assumption. Nope.

(E) with its hundreds of miniature eyes called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that - it's a bit wordy at the end but it's better than the other.

Last step, check if E fits, it does.
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in A] is there anything wrong in using ''comma+ having''

many a times, comma+ing verbal refers back to nearest noun and not modify the preceding clause.

do we have any strict rule about the usage?
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himanshu0123
many a times, comma+ing verbal refers back to nearest noun and not modify the preceding clause.

This is not true. Comma __ING is going to be a modifier of the preceding clause, with two types of exceptions:

1/ if there's no clause preceding it,

or

2/ if the word ending in _ING does NOT belong to the grammatical class of _ING forms—i.e., if it's actually a different type of word that just coincidentally happens to end with the letters _ing.

Immediately off the top of my head, I can only think of one word for #2—namely, "including". "Including" is NOT grammatically an _ING form!
Therefore, comma + including... does NOT belong to the "comma + _ING" class of modifiers, and does not function like a modifier of that type.

Instead, comma + including... modifies the preceding NOUN that stands for a general class/category. ("Including" should be followed by SOME, but NOT all, of the individual items belonging to that class/category.)
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himanshu0123
in A]

In choices A and B, the modifier "having..." follows
The intricate structure of the compound insect eye
This is not a clause, because there's no verb. (It's just "structure", with an adjective in front and a modifier behind.)

Because there's no clause here at all, this modifier can't modify a clause. This is situation #1 in my last post.
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GMATNinja KarishmaB

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they
Why "they" can't refer to miniature eyes?
Since miniature eyes is part of compound insect eye, the comparison can be considered correct.

In C & D, What's the role of "Scientist assuming"? Is it object of main clause? Please help to understand the sentence structure.

Thank you for your help!
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Sneha2021
GMATNinja KarishmaB

(B) having hundreds of miniature eyes that are called ommatidia, helps explain why scientists have assumed that they
Why "they" can't refer to miniature eyes?
Since miniature eyes is part of compound insect eye, the comparison can be considered correct.

In C & D, What's the role of "Scientist assuming"? Is it object of main clause? Please help to understand the sentence structure.

Thank you for your help!


The compound insect eye is composed of miniature eyes. When you compare the vertebrate eye, it is logical that you will compare it with the insect eye, not with a component of the insect eye. Hence, we must use 'it,' not 'they.'

'explain' is the bare infinitive. They appear with modal verbs and verbs of perception etc.
The 'why scientists have assumed that it ... ' is a noun clause that answers 'explains what?'

The possessive with the gerund (scientist's assuming) is awkward here. We could use a noun though e.g. ... helps explain the scientist's assumption ...
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himanshu0123
in A]

In choices A and B, the modifier "having..." follows
The intricate structure of the compound insect eye
This is not a clause, because there's no verb. (It's just "structure", with an adjective in front and a modifier behind.)

Because there's no clause here at all, this modifier can't modify a clause. This is situation #1 in my last post.


So, following your thought process it means that "Having" will modify the noun "Structure" instead of the non existing clause? Or is this setup wrong?

Thanks in advance.
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himanshu0123
in A]

In choices A and B, the modifier "having..." follows
The intricate structure of the compound insect eye
This is not a clause, because there's no verb. (It's just "structure", with an adjective in front and a modifier behind.)

Because there's no clause here at all, this modifier can't modify a clause. This is situation #1 in my last post.


So, following your thought process it means that "Having" will modify the noun "Structure instead" of the non existing clause? Or is this setup wrong?

Thanks in advance.

'having ...' modifies the 'compound insect eye'. The insect eye has hundreds of miniature eyes.
We would jump back to 'structure' if 'having ...' did not make sense as a modifier for 'compound insect eye.'
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Structure(singular)of the compound is the subject of the sentence. Hence the verb should also be singular. Therefore "helps" is used and options A & D are eliminated.
In option B, "they" incorrectly refers to scientists whereas it should be referring to the eye. Hence incorrect.
In option C, "scientists' assuming that they" is incorrectly phrased.

In option E, which is the correct answer, "Helps" and "it" are correctly used to refer to eye which is singular.
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