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15 Apr 2020, 09:14
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Question 1
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
73% (03:14) correct
27%
(02:48) wrong
based on 319
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
79% (01:09) correct 21%
(01:42) wrong
based on 369
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
65% (01:23) correct 35%
(01:29) wrong
based on 371
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
87% (00:55) correct 13%
(01:01) wrong
based on 351
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Project RC Butler 2020 - Participate and win GMAT Club Tests.
Passage # 30, Date: 15-Apr-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
Passage # 30, Date: 15-Apr-2020
This post is a part of Project RC Butler 2020. Click here for Details
The publication of a substantially complete human genome sequence has the potential to enable scientists to turn their attention to studying the significance of genetic variation. Health issues such as coronary disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders are influenced by both genetics and environmental factors. The latter influence has been studied, to date, only at unusually high levels of exposure. Now, with improved capabilities to distinguish patterns of gene and protein expression through microarray assays and proteomic studies, researchers should be able to better assess the effects of everyday exposure to chemicals and to ionizing radiation, particularly in individuals with genetic susceptibility. Provided that researchers can access identifiable genetic information for the participants in such studies in order to analyze the link between such exposures and complicating genetic factors, the practice of making public health decisions based on genetic research will lead to groundbreaking improvements in the science of environmental health.
A barrier looms, however, that could block the large population studies needed to answer questions about environmental exposure and its impact: ill-conceived proposals at the state and national levels aimed at protecting the confidentiality of genetic information. One such proposal, applicable to genetic testing conducted on individual patients, would require the removal of any identifying information from genetic data before such data is placed in a database. While this solution appears to be a straightforward way to ensure patient confidentiality, anonymous databases preclude researchers from being able to conduct studies that link genetics to environmental influences. Another legislative proposal, introduced as the Genetic Privacy Act, would impose stringent requirements to ensure both the informed consent of all participants in genetic studies and the safeguarding of confidentiality when researchers access the records. Such restrictions may render large-scale population studies impossible and eliminate access to previously collected data.
A better alternative exists that can appropriately balance demand for privacy with scientific research. Institutions seeking to utilize genetic databases should acquire "Certificates of Confidentiality" similar to those currently granted for government-approved alcohol and substance abuse research. This system of certification, accountability, and procedural safeguards has worked effectively to allow appropriate access to confidential alcohol and substance abuse records for scientific study while protecting individual privacy. Recent studies indicate that linking even “anonymous” genetic data to particular individuals is easier than geneticists previously assumed; thus, rigorously limiting access to databases through a certificate system is the best way to ensure the continued progress of human genetic research.
A barrier looms, however, that could block the large population studies needed to answer questions about environmental exposure and its impact: ill-conceived proposals at the state and national levels aimed at protecting the confidentiality of genetic information. One such proposal, applicable to genetic testing conducted on individual patients, would require the removal of any identifying information from genetic data before such data is placed in a database. While this solution appears to be a straightforward way to ensure patient confidentiality, anonymous databases preclude researchers from being able to conduct studies that link genetics to environmental influences. Another legislative proposal, introduced as the Genetic Privacy Act, would impose stringent requirements to ensure both the informed consent of all participants in genetic studies and the safeguarding of confidentiality when researchers access the records. Such restrictions may render large-scale population studies impossible and eliminate access to previously collected data.
A better alternative exists that can appropriately balance demand for privacy with scientific research. Institutions seeking to utilize genetic databases should acquire "Certificates of Confidentiality" similar to those currently granted for government-approved alcohol and substance abuse research. This system of certification, accountability, and procedural safeguards has worked effectively to allow appropriate access to confidential alcohol and substance abuse records for scientific study while protecting individual privacy. Recent studies indicate that linking even “anonymous” genetic data to particular individuals is easier than geneticists previously assumed; thus, rigorously limiting access to databases through a certificate system is the best way to ensure the continued progress of human genetic research.
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
2. The author most probably mentions several specific types of health issues in the second sentence of the passage in order to
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
3. It can be inferred that the proposal described in the second sentence of paragraph 2 would be ineffective because it would
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
15 Apr 2020, 21:25
Kudos
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1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
not correct: passage doesn't say that privacy is insignificant
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
not correct: passage focuses mainly on genetic research and how it will lead to groundbreaking improvements, and the challenges present.
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
not correct: in addition to benefits, some challenges are discussed, and an alternative is given in the passage
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
not correct: advocating protection of individual privacy is one challenge, an alternative to overcome is given in the passage
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
correct: genetic research has benefits, and protecting information is crucial for the wide scale success; an alternative solution is given to overcome the challenges present with info protection
2. The author most probably mentions several specific types of health issues in the second sentence of the passage in order to
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
not correct: passage doesn't say that attention needs to be on core factors
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: regulation to limit environmental exposure is not discussed
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: no information is given to suggest that coronary disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders are caused by high levels of exposure
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
correct: passage says 'Provided that researchers can access identifiable genetic information for the participants in such studies in order to analyze the link between such exposures and complicating genetic factors' and how this research address human problems by 'the practice of making public health decisions based on genetic research will lead to groundbreaking improvements'
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: no connection between low levels of exposure and coronary disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders
3. It can be inferred that the proposal described in the second sentence of paragraph 2 would be ineffective because it would
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
not correct: the proposal talks about the 'removal of any identifying information', not about 'compromising the privacy'
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
correct: passage says 'proposal, applicable to genetic testing conducted on individual patients, would require the removal of any identifying information' which in turn 'preclude researchers from being able to conduct studies that link genetics to environmental influences'
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
not correct: not discussed
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
not correct: experience of individual patients is not discussed
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
not correct: violation of Genetic Privacy act is not discussed
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
correct: a 'barrier' is discussed and two proposals to address are discussed along with their shortcomings
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
not correct: a common benefit is not discussed in the second para
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
not correct: not discussed about a correction
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
not correct: not discussed about a warning, only short comings are discussions
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
not correct: two proposal are contrasted
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
not correct: passage doesn't say that privacy is insignificant
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
not correct: passage focuses mainly on genetic research and how it will lead to groundbreaking improvements, and the challenges present.
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
not correct: in addition to benefits, some challenges are discussed, and an alternative is given in the passage
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
not correct: advocating protection of individual privacy is one challenge, an alternative to overcome is given in the passage
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
correct: genetic research has benefits, and protecting information is crucial for the wide scale success; an alternative solution is given to overcome the challenges present with info protection
2. The author most probably mentions several specific types of health issues in the second sentence of the passage in order to
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
not correct: passage doesn't say that attention needs to be on core factors
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: regulation to limit environmental exposure is not discussed
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: no information is given to suggest that coronary disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders are caused by high levels of exposure
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
correct: passage says 'Provided that researchers can access identifiable genetic information for the participants in such studies in order to analyze the link between such exposures and complicating genetic factors' and how this research address human problems by 'the practice of making public health decisions based on genetic research will lead to groundbreaking improvements'
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
not correct: no connection between low levels of exposure and coronary disease, cancer, high blood pressure, and neurological disorders
3. It can be inferred that the proposal described in the second sentence of paragraph 2 would be ineffective because it would
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
not correct: the proposal talks about the 'removal of any identifying information', not about 'compromising the privacy'
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
correct: passage says 'proposal, applicable to genetic testing conducted on individual patients, would require the removal of any identifying information' which in turn 'preclude researchers from being able to conduct studies that link genetics to environmental influences'
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
not correct: not discussed
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
not correct: experience of individual patients is not discussed
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
not correct: violation of Genetic Privacy act is not discussed
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
correct: a 'barrier' is discussed and two proposals to address are discussed along with their shortcomings
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
not correct: a common benefit is not discussed in the second para
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
not correct: not discussed about a correction
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
not correct: not discussed about a warning, only short comings are discussions
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
not correct: two proposal are contrasted
15 Apr 2020, 23:34
Kudos
Bookmarks
1. The passage is chiefly concerned with
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
(A) The author never argues that privacy of individuals is insignificant. In fact, he does not present his opinion on the topic of individual privacy at all.
(B) Again, the author does not make any such claim about human genetic information.
(C) His chief concern is not only to demonstrate the benefits but also talk about a method to control access to this information. This answer encompasses partial scope.
(D) The author does not share his opinion on protection of individual privacy.
(E) This is the correct choice since it combines the information given in the passage and sets the correct context for it.
2. The author most probably mentions several specific types of health issues in the second sentence of the passage in order to
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
The author believes that the publication of a substantially complete human genome sequence will be able to turn the attention of scientists to studying genetic variation and then he goes on to state these diseases which are affected by both genetics and environmental conditions. While research on environmental conditions affecting human health have been done, research on genetics is an area which hasn't been have much attention. Thus, he wants research to happen in this area as well. (D) is the correct answer because of the aforementioned reason.
3. It can be inferred that the proposal described in the second sentence of paragraph 2 would be ineffective because it would
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
According to the passage, anonymous databases (what the proposal suggested) will prevent researchers from further researching to determine the linkage between genetics and environmental conditions. This is clearly stated in option (B) which states that this proposal will eliminate a condition necessary for successful research. Thus, (B) is the correct choice.
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
In the second paragraph, two proposals are discussed, thus, we can safely eliminate options (C) which talks about only one proposal and (D) and (E) which talk about three proposals.
Now, along with stating those two proposals, their drawbacks or shortcomings are also discussed. Thus, option (A) is the correct answer.
A. arguing that individuals’ privacy is insignificant compared to continuing progress in human genetic research
B. claiming that human genetic information should not be regulated
C. demonstrating the benefits of genetic research
D. advocating protection of individual privacy with respect to genetic information
E. recommending a method of controlling access to genetic information so that its benefits can be realized
(A) The author never argues that privacy of individuals is insignificant. In fact, he does not present his opinion on the topic of individual privacy at all.
(B) Again, the author does not make any such claim about human genetic information.
(C) His chief concern is not only to demonstrate the benefits but also talk about a method to control access to this information. This answer encompasses partial scope.
(D) The author does not share his opinion on protection of individual privacy.
(E) This is the correct choice since it combines the information given in the passage and sets the correct context for it.
2. The author most probably mentions several specific types of health issues in the second sentence of the passage in order to
A. encourage scientists to direct their attention to the core factors underlying human ailments
B. suggest the necessity of regulation to limit environmental exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
C. identify those illnesses caused by high levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
D. emphasize the importance of genetic research to addressing significant human problems
E. identify those health issues that can be be triggered by relatively low levels of exposure to chemicals and ionizing radiation
The author believes that the publication of a substantially complete human genome sequence will be able to turn the attention of scientists to studying genetic variation and then he goes on to state these diseases which are affected by both genetics and environmental conditions. While research on environmental conditions affecting human health have been done, research on genetics is an area which hasn't been have much attention. Thus, he wants research to happen in this area as well. (D) is the correct answer because of the aforementioned reason.
3. It can be inferred that the proposal described in the second sentence of paragraph 2 would be ineffective because it would
A. compromise the privacy of test subjects
B. eliminate a condition necessary for successful research
C. render the study of human genetics impossible
D. require generalizing from the experience of individual patients
E. violate the provisions of the Genetic Privacy Act
According to the passage, anonymous databases (what the proposal suggested) will prevent researchers from further researching to determine the linkage between genetics and environmental conditions. This is clearly stated in option (B) which states that this proposal will eliminate a condition necessary for successful research. Thus, (B) is the correct choice.
4. Which of the following best describes the structure of the second paragraph of the passage?
A. Two proposals are described, and the shortcomings of each are identified.
B. Two proposals are described, and a benefit common to both is identified.
C. A proposal is described, and a correction is suggested.
D. A warning is made about two proposals, and a third proposal adopts the best features of each.
E. Two proposals are contrasted, and a third is alluded to.
In the second paragraph, two proposals are discussed, thus, we can safely eliminate options (C) which talks about only one proposal and (D) and (E) which talk about three proposals.
Now, along with stating those two proposals, their drawbacks or shortcomings are also discussed. Thus, option (A) is the correct answer.
