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anud33p
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daagh
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Let's look at it this way. The 10% and 50% figures are just ratios and do not help us much. After all if 1000 SMEs dodge tax to the extent of , say, 2000 crores, this is just a fraction of two jewelers defrauding the county for more than 20,000 crores. Therefore, to know the extent of loss, we must be able to convert all the percentages to absolute money. For that sake, we need a bridge that gives the average fraud money by these swindlers and we can now multiply this average by the total number of people indulging in the scandal. Choice C gives this bridge.

All other things that do not focus on arriving at the quantum of absolute money are out of scope. Aren't they?

I think a reasonably sample is good enough to know the trend and extrapolate to a larger scale. A national sample may not be required. Now that we know who the culprits are, we can squeeze them to make them pay up the due tax together with penal fines. This is the rationale behind this question IMO.

That makes sense daagh. Thank you for your revert.

Also, on second thought, I think the line of thought you laid out, and not what I was thought, is more appropriate also because of the question type - Evaluate. May be if it were an assumption question, we would have had to assume that the sample is representative of the actual population but here I realise that knowing whether a sample is representative wouldn't help us draw conclusions. So, the average tax fraud is a number that we need as you suggested.

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To determine the extent of tax fraud, the Internal Revenue Service audited the current year tax returns of a random set of 1000 individuals. Even though only 10% of the individuals in the group were self-employed (other 90% were working professionals), they accounted for 50% of the fraudulent cases.

For the group above, which of the following would be most useful in assessing whether tax fraud by self-employed individuals may be responsible for majority of the money that the IRS loses every year?

A. The trend of average income of self-employed individuals over the past few years compared to that of the rest of the group.
B. The difference between average annual taxes paid by a self-employed individual and a working professional.
C. The average tax fraud committed by a self-employed individual versus a working professional.
D. The diversity of demographics represented in the group versus that of the nation.
E. The number of women in the group who were working professionals versus self-employed.

I am not just getting a point, I understand C can be the answer but y not B? In question , we are told that half of the fraud cases are related to self-employed group. So, if average self-employed person pays more tax than a professional does, I can guess that the fraud amount relating to self-employed would be bigger than that of professionals.
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egmat

How do we know whether answer choice C is talking about average amount of money or average count /percentage of fraud?

Hmm, the Question seems to have been edited after you asked.

Nevertheless, read the Question Statement again - "For the group above, which of the following would be most useful in assessing whether tax fraud by self-employed individuals may be responsible for majority of the money that the IRS loses every year?"
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Focus group: Tax fraudsters
Premises: In this group, Number of self employed = Number of professionals
Conclusion: From this group, Sum total loss by SE > Prof

Mathematical representation
Average Loss = Total Loss (conclusion) / number (premises)

Choice C addresses that Average of either group should be compared to make conclusion on total loss as the number (in the denominator) is same for both the groups.
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Prethinking
To determine whether tax fraud by self-employed individuals might be responsible for the majority of the money the IRS loses every year, it is important to focus on the amount of fraud committed by each group. The question gives us percentages of fraud cases but does not provide information about the extent (i.e., monetary value) of fraud in each case. If self-employed individuals commit higher-value frauds, they could be responsible for a larger portion of the IRS’s losses despite being a smaller group.

Evaluation of Options
(A) The trend of average income of self-employed individuals over the past few years compared to that of the rest of the group.

This provides income trends but does not directly relate to the amount of tax fraud committed or the IRS’s losses due to fraud.

(B) The difference between average annual taxes paid by a self-employed individual and a working professional.

This information might help in understanding the tax burden but does not directly indicate the amount of fraud committed or the financial impact on the IRS.

(C) The average tax fraud committed by a self-employed individual versus a working professional.

This is directly relevant as it provides insight into the extent of fraud. If self-employed individuals commit higher-value frauds on average, it would suggest that they could be responsible for a larger portion of the IRS’s monetary losses.

(D) The diversity of demographics represented in the group versus that of the nation.

Demographic diversity is not relevant to assessing the financial impact of tax fraud.

(E) The number of women in the group who were working professionals versus self-employed.

The gender breakdown does not provide relevant information about the financial impact of tax fraud.
Conclusion

The most useful information for assessing whether tax fraud by self-employed individuals is responsible for the majority of the money that the IRS loses every year is provided by:

(C) The average tax fraud committed by a self-employed individual versus a working professional.

This information helps to quantify the financial impact of the fraud committed by each group, which is crucial for understanding the overall monetary loss to the IRS.­
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