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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
59% (02:40) correct
41%
(02:42) wrong
based on 1731
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
15%
(low)
Question Stats:
76% (00:53) correct 24%
(01:16) wrong
based on 1631
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
64% (01:21) correct 36%
(01:22) wrong
based on 1660
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates and many interpretations. Even fundamental issues, such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions took decades to be appreciated by society and many leading scientists. Richard Feynman once said, "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics." According to Steven Weinberg, "There is now in my opinion no entirely satisfactory interpretation of quantum mechanics."
The Copenhagen interpretation - due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr - remains the quantum mechanical formalism that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation. According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature that will eventually be replaced by a deterministic theory, but instead a final renunciation of the classical idea of "causality". It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement, due to the complementarity nature of evidence obtained under different experimental situations.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement. Einstein held that there should be a local hidden variable theory underlying quantum mechanics and, consequently, that the present theory was incomplete. He produced a series of objections to the theory, the most famous of which has become known as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox. John Bell showed that this "EPR" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories. Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics, thereby demonstrating that the physical world cannot be described by any local realistic theory. The Bohr-Einstein debates provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.
The Copenhagen interpretation - due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr - remains the quantum mechanical formalism that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation. According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature that will eventually be replaced by a deterministic theory, but instead a final renunciation of the classical idea of "causality". It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement, due to the complementarity nature of evidence obtained under different experimental situations.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement. Einstein held that there should be a local hidden variable theory underlying quantum mechanics and, consequently, that the present theory was incomplete. He produced a series of objections to the theory, the most famous of which has become known as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox. John Bell showed that this "EPR" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories. Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics, thereby demonstrating that the physical world cannot be described by any local realistic theory. The Bohr-Einstein debates provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.
1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:
A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:
A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.
A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?
A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.
A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.
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Passage # 2 Date: 1-Jan-2021
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Official Explanation
1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
The first introductory paragraph is primarily used to show how the counter-intuitive nature of quantum mechanics has caused multiple interpretations and philosophical debates. The quotes at the end are used to highlight the complexity and lack of total understanding regarding the theory of quantum mechanics.
Answer choice (A) is incorrect but tricky. The introductory sentence of the 1st paragraph does mention “strong philosophical debates” but these quotes are not used to highlight how strong they have been. Both quotes reference the confusion of the theory and the interpretations, not any philosophical debates.
(B) matches the goal of the quotes perfectly – they are used to highlight the theory’s complexity.
For (C), the rules of Max Born are discussed in the paragraph, but the quotes do not refer back to that specific issue.
(D) is clearly incorrect as the quotes are not introductory in nature.
For (E), the quotes also do not support any particular viewpoint – they simply emphasize the complexity of the theory.
Correct answer is (B).
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
The first introductory paragraph is primarily used to show how the counter-intuitive nature of quantum mechanics has caused multiple interpretations and philosophical debates. The quotes at the end are used to highlight the complexity and lack of total understanding regarding the theory of quantum mechanics.
Answer choice (A) is incorrect but tricky. The introductory sentence of the 1st paragraph does mention “strong philosophical debates” but these quotes are not used to highlight how strong they have been. Both quotes reference the confusion of the theory and the interpretations, not any philosophical debates.
(B) matches the goal of the quotes perfectly – they are used to highlight the theory’s complexity.
For (C), the rules of Max Born are discussed in the paragraph, but the quotes do not refer back to that specific issue.
(D) is clearly incorrect as the quotes are not introductory in nature.
For (E), the quotes also do not support any particular viewpoint – they simply emphasize the complexity of the theory.
Correct answer is (B).
2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:
Difficulty Level: Easy
Explanation
This passage is not opinionated, so its purpose cannot be to “make the case” or “show that Albert Einstein was incorrect.” From this you can eliminate both (A) and (B), as they do not properly match the goal of the passage.
(C) matches both the content and the goal of the passage perfectly. The passage discusses generally the complexity of quantum mechanics, but it does so through an examination of the Copenhagen interpretation and Einstein’s response to that interpretation.
Both (D) and (E) are too narrow in scope. While Max Born’s basic rules are discussed in the passage, they are not the primary purpose.
(E) is much trickier but the passage is not about their debate specifically; it is about the complexities of quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen interpretation.
Their debate is just one part of the discussion and thus (E) is too narrow in scope.
Correct answer is (C).
Difficulty Level: Easy
Explanation
This passage is not opinionated, so its purpose cannot be to “make the case” or “show that Albert Einstein was incorrect.” From this you can eliminate both (A) and (B), as they do not properly match the goal of the passage.
(C) matches both the content and the goal of the passage perfectly. The passage discusses generally the complexity of quantum mechanics, but it does so through an examination of the Copenhagen interpretation and Einstein’s response to that interpretation.
Both (D) and (E) are too narrow in scope. While Max Born’s basic rules are discussed in the passage, they are not the primary purpose.
(E) is much trickier but the passage is not about their debate specifically; it is about the complexities of quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen interpretation.
Their debate is just one part of the discussion and thus (E) is too narrow in scope.
Correct answer is (C).
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
The Copenhagen interpretation was primarily discussed in the 2nd paragraph (and in the 3rd) so you should focus your attention there. (A) is contradicted in the second sentence of the second paragraph. It says that according to this interpretation the probabilistic nature is NOT temporary.
(B), the correct answer, requires that you leverage the first sentence of the 3rd paragraph in combination with the second paragraph. In that sentence you learn that “Albert Einstein…disliked this loss of determinism in measurement” in reference back to the Copenhagen interpretation. From that you know that the Copenhagen interpretation involved some loss of determinism.
For (C), you learn in the passage that it is widely accepted today, but you have no idea if that was the case 75 years ago.
(D), like (A), is directly contradicted in the 2nd paragraph – it states that the arrangement IS important.
For (E), you know that Albert Einstein did not like the loss of determinism in the Copenhagen interpretation, but you have no idea if the Copenhagen interpretation rejected MANY of his views and theories.
Correct answer is (B).
Difficulty Level: Medium
Explanation
The Copenhagen interpretation was primarily discussed in the 2nd paragraph (and in the 3rd) so you should focus your attention there. (A) is contradicted in the second sentence of the second paragraph. It says that according to this interpretation the probabilistic nature is NOT temporary.
(B), the correct answer, requires that you leverage the first sentence of the 3rd paragraph in combination with the second paragraph. In that sentence you learn that “Albert Einstein…disliked this loss of determinism in measurement” in reference back to the Copenhagen interpretation. From that you know that the Copenhagen interpretation involved some loss of determinism.
For (C), you learn in the passage that it is widely accepted today, but you have no idea if that was the case 75 years ago.
(D), like (A), is directly contradicted in the 2nd paragraph – it states that the arrangement IS important.
For (E), you know that Albert Einstein did not like the loss of determinism in the Copenhagen interpretation, but you have no idea if the Copenhagen interpretation rejected MANY of his views and theories.
Correct answer is (B).
General Discussion
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Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates and many interpretations. Even fundamental issues, such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions took decades to be appreciated by society and many leading scientists. Richard Feynman once said, "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics." According to Steven Weinberg, "There is now in my opinion no entirely satisfactory interpretation of quantum mechanics."
The Copenhagen interpretation - due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr - remains the quantum mechanical formalism that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation. According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature that will eventually be replaced by a deterministic theory, but instead a final renunciation of the classical idea of "causality". It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement, due to the complementarity nature of evidence obtained under different experimental situations.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement. Einstein held that there should be a local hidden variable theory underlying quantum mechanics and, consequently, that the present theory was incomplete. He produced a series of objections to the theory, the most famous of which has become known as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox. John Bell showed that this "EPR" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories. Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics, thereby demonstrating that the physical world cannot be described by any local realistic theory. The Bohr-Einstein debates provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.[/box_in][box_in]
1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Based on the two quotes the author shows the perceived notion of people about it.
2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
All other options are very specific.
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement.
The Copenhagen interpretation - due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr - remains the quantum mechanical formalism that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation. According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature that will eventually be replaced by a deterministic theory, but instead a final renunciation of the classical idea of "causality". It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement, due to the complementarity nature of evidence obtained under different experimental situations.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement. Einstein held that there should be a local hidden variable theory underlying quantum mechanics and, consequently, that the present theory was incomplete. He produced a series of objections to the theory, the most famous of which has become known as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox. John Bell showed that this "EPR" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories. Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics, thereby demonstrating that the physical world cannot be described by any local realistic theory. The Bohr-Einstein debates provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.[/box_in][box_in]
1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Based on the two quotes the author shows the perceived notion of people about it.
2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
All other options are very specific.
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement.
