Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

Immediately refer to the 1st paragraph to understand the scope and pre-think why it was stressed by the author.
He mentions in the 1st sentence that "the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates and many interpretations."
which means - QM like Max Born's rules provoked controversy/debates and wants to show the intensity by how leading scientists responded. Now let's go-to options

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been. - Same as what we framed
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations. - He does highlight the complexity but interpretations are further down in passage
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born. - It's not about the rules of Max Born - Out of scope
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities. - that further down - - Out of scope
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. - It's not yet supporting any viewpoint


2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

The passage as a whole is as per below - according to my whiteboard rough
P1 - Introduces QM and shows how it's debated over giving a couple of scientists viewpoints
P2- One interpretation - CI giving details - prob nature, not temp and replaced by causality. Experiments required to understand
P3 - AE, agrees to the above and dislikes the loss of causes. Current theory incomplete. Further, EPR paradox and its experimental results, which confirmed the accuracy of QM.

In one line - passage talks about the complexity of QM with one successful interpretation

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics. It does talk in P2 but this option is too narrow
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation. - Its the other way round
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation. - as above
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions. - just gives this as an example in P1 - Out of scope
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics. - They both did not debate.

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?

We need to read through the last couple of sentences for P2 and 1st sentence of P3. There passage mentions "Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement."
Hence CI involves some loss of determinism.

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary. - it's the other way round, he views not temporary
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago. - It's +75yrs after the enunciation
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant. - It's important
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories. - It's too extreme and out of scope


+1 Kudos if helpful

Cheers
H

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
I do not think the author tries to show how strong the debate is with these two sentences.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
Yes. In part. But the various interpretation? The second quote says "no entirely satisfactory interpretation". So it's not highlighting various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
I think this is a good one. We see two scientists, lost and unsatisfied by the rules presented earlier in the text. And especially those of Max Bor: "took decades to be appreciated by society and many leading scientists".
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
Not at all
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
There is no support here.

1-->C


2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.
No this is not the goal of the author.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.
Again. Not the meaning of the text
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
It's not highlighting the complexities of a field via the prism of 1 interpretation.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.
Not at all
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.
Yep. I think we get it. Both Bohr and Einstein are presented here and the author presents this debate.

2-->E

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.
I do not feel it when reading the text. Maybe I missed something.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
The start of the third paragraph helps us:"Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement." Good that's what Copenhagen explains then and can be inferred.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.
Not was. But is. "that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation"
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.
The contrary
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.
This was not their idea

3-->B

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.(The part is quotes does not mention debates whether they were strong or not. As a matter of fact we dont really even know what the debates were about? We just know what kind were they)
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.(Okay this looks fine to me. Two people gave their view on quantum mechanics so that counts as an interpretation and they really highlight the part of Quantum mechanics being tough and complex af. So I'm cool with this)
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.(WTF? What where on earth does this has anything to do with Max Born)
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.(Uhh There is no implication of the quotes on what follows in Passage-2. The quotes say no one can interpretate Q.M . If the quotes were to introduce Copenhagen Interpretation, They'd say Oooh ooh there's thing one sexy interpretation)
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.
(Okay this was interesting . It is very close in that there indeed is one common interpretation of q.m being tough and complex a.f , But hold on, where is this interpretation supporting any viewpoint? As a matter of fact there is no viewpoint mentioned before this common interpretation. so common interpretation? yeah cool. Support? Nah.)

B is our answer
Okay so the passage 1 states that :
Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates and many interpretations. Even fundamental issues, such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions took decades to be appreciated by society and many leading scientists. Richard Feynman once said, "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics." According to Steven Weinberg, "There is now in my opinion no entirely satisfactory interpretation of quantum mechanics."

Answer IMO
1. C
2. C
3. B

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

A
As per para-1, results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates.
Also, last sentence is an opinion that is counter to earlier opinion

Question 2

2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.-Extreme
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.- AE not evaluated across all para
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.-Only last para
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.-Only last para

C
para-1: Intro
Para2: QM example
Para3: Einstein, Bohr, Diff opinion

Question 3

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.-Opposite to According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.-2nd line in para 3
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.: currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation. Different meaning
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant. Opposite : quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.-Not mentioned

B

Para1 - Quantum Mechanics, its complexities and scientific views.
Para2 - The Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Its acceptance - How it view quantum mechanics
Para3 - Albert Einstein's disbelief on TCI - His beliefs

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

The bold parts are the beliefs (of two scientists), that QM is complex and no satisfactory interpretation of it exists as of today.

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been......There are debates over QM, but their strengths are not discussed. Eliminate.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.....Highlight complexity, yes, but not the various interpretations. Eliminate.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.......It is a close choice but the bold parts are concerned with QM as whole, not max born in particular. Eliminate.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.......CI is used as an example of an interpretation (which is then challenged in third para) to show that different viewpoints on QM exists. Eliminate
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics........Yes the viewpoint is that QM is complex and no satisfactory interpretation of it exists as of today. Keep It.


2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics......Only Second Para. Eliminate.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.....Only third para, also it was not proved that Albert Einstein was wrong. Eliminate.
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.....Yes, as per our para summaries it is best suited. Keep It.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions........Mentioned only in first Para. Eliminate.
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics....the debate between AE & NB, is used as part of explanation/conclusion that QM is complex. Eliminate.

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?


It is a detail ques, so we can refer back to the second paragraph.

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.....Completely opposite. It is mentioned that "the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a temporary feature". Eliminate.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement......Though not clearly mentioned in the second para. Wen we look at the opening lines of third para "Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement." Keep It.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago......It was widely accepted after 75 years of its enunciation. It itself was not enunciated 75 years ago. Eliminate.
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.....Completely opposite. It is mentioned that "It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement,.....". Eliminate.
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories......AE disliked it, but it cannot be inferred that CI rejected AE's views. Eliminate.


IMO E, C, B

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

solution:answer is B). highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations

lets eliminate :
A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been: they are not showing strong debates as the quotes refer to nobody understands it
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations: clearly when qoutes question understanding issues and no satisfactory interpretation - it refers to complexity . so this is the ans
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born: only Max Born rules is not being referred to in qoutes
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities - this was not even in picture until then
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics: no particular viewpoint regarding interpretation is being supported



2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.


solution : answer is C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.

lets eliminate other options :

a) make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics - this is just second para not the primary purpose

b)show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation: this is just 3rd para so cannot be primary purpose

c) highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation : this is bang on right as first para discusses complexities of quantum mechanics and then goes to examine one interpretation and phases in its history

d) examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions: just mentioned in first para in one sentence as an instance on basics not being understood , so cannot be primary purpose

e)summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics. : just content of third para so cannot be the primary purpose

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.

solution : answer is b)It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.

lets eliminate other options :
A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary: reversal of facts so wrong
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement. -yes para 3 first sentence-Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement which refers to experiments in copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago: reversal correct fact in passage is that it was accepted 75 years after enunciation, so this is eliminated
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant: it is reversal of facts - as well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement is stated in passage
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories: this is never stated that this interpretation rejected many of Einstein's views and theories

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:
I am not sure of this question
A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.There is a debate about quantum mechanics, but the author doesn't use these quotations to show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics are.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations. The author uses the quotations to indicate the complexity of quantum mechanics
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.Out of scope
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.Wrong
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. One word wrong. There is no one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics, instead, there are many viewpoints regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

2. The primary purpose of this passage is to:

A. make the case that the Copenhagen interpretation is the most plausible formalism of quantum mechanics.
B. show that Albert Einstein was incorrect in his critique of the Copenhagen interpretation.
C. highlight the complexities of quantum mechanics by examining the history of one interpretation.Only this choice covers the whole passage
D. examine Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions.
E. summarize the debate that occurred between Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein over quantum mechanics.

3. Which of the following can be inferred about the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics?

A. It views the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.The passage never stated that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics as temporary.
B. It involves some loss of determinism in measurement.The first sentence of the third para stated that there is a loss of determinism in measurement.
C. It was widely accepted when it was enunciated 75 years ago.It is widely accepted today, but it was accepted by some physicists 75 years ago.
D. It views the experimental arrangement as unimportant.
E. It rejected many of Albert Einstein’s views and theories.

Hello all

Tahamohsin is on top for this question for his 8/10 points, rocky620, HARRY113 and Deepakjhamb are at second with 7/10. Official answers are BCB. Let me know if anyone needs OE or anything else.

Good Luck for the upcoming questions.

1. The author uses the quotations at the end of the first paragraph in order to:

A. show how strong the philosophical debates over quantum mechanics have been.
B. highlight the complexity of quantum mechanics and its various interpretations.
C. emphasize how difficult it was for scientists to understand the rules of Max Born.
D. introduce the Copenhagen interpretation and its complexities.
E. support one particular viewpoint regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Experts, I am still not convinced that option B is the right answer. There are no interpretations of quantum mechanics being highlighted in the first paragraph. Only interpretation is highlighted in the second para - Copenhagen interpretation. We can not infer two statements of people/scientists as "interpretations of quantum mechanics". In a scientific setting, "interpretations of a theory" means two different viewpoints of a theory and different ways that theory can be applied to a situation.

I eliminated option B based on this understanding. The scientists are not saying their views on the theory to highlight the various interpretations of quantum theory.
E seems to be the best of the lot, in this case, -> one viewpoint = Quantum theory is difficult to understand completely.

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