this is classic correlation mistaken for causation case.
premise:
-- pressure increase
correlates with screen use of more than six hrs.
-- pressure increase is
associated with vision impairment.
conclusion: heavy daily screen use is one of factors that
causes vision impairment via pressure increase.
we have to find a statement which will help evaluate the argument.A) argument states
increase in pressure as part of reasoning, irrespective of where pressure was initially so it does not help evaluate the argument. incorrect.
B) comparative reliability of pressure against other eye measurements does no good to argument b/c pressure's association with vision impairment is stated as a fact in the passage, and we strengthen/weaken the conclusion or the assumption, not the premise. premise has to be taken as it is. incorrect.
C) if there are factor(s) which
causes increase in pressure which in turn leads to vision impairment, then those factors and not the screen use is the initiator of the casual chain. this weakens the conclusion. if false, it strengthens the conclusion.
correct D) correlation b/w increase in pressure and screen use for more than six hrs has been used as premise in the argument. outliers to the trend are very plausible and expected. it does nothing to augment or harm the conclusion. incorrect
E) whether other factors besides pressure increase can lead to vision impairment is already stated in the conclusion which says
contributes to i.e. leaving room for other possible factors. whether it is the case or not, in both scenarios the conclusion that high screen use , via pressure increase, leads to vision impairment stands. hence, it does nothing to weaken the argument. we need something that both strengthens and weakens the argument. incorrect.