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The passage states that researchers have concluded that daily heavy screen contributes to vision impairment, but it needs to be seen whether any other common habits among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly. Other points suggest whether any individual student has high intraocular pressure due to other reasons or not which is not relevant to the passage. Hence point C is the answer.
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IMO : E
A : even if they had elevated reading at the start it wouldnt help us evaluate the claim --- irrelevant
B : it neither confirms or denies the claim, it fact repeater
C: even if there are other habits we cant confirm if this habit mentioned in the scope will cause the desired effect as per the claim or not -- hence out
D: few than 6 hours -- this group is not inside the scope --out
E : this is the only option which shows that there can be any other factors which can cause it hence --keep
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The key issue involve here is correlation vs causation!

The argument is that high screen usage is associated with elevated intraocular which in turn leads to vision impairment
Therefore high screen usage leads to vision

A key evaluation point would be what if something else could explain the vision impairment.

(A) It doesn't matter at what level people started. Its mentioned that the study went on for over four years and the testing was done REPEATEDLY. So even if this is true or false the conclusion wont get impacted.
(B) Quality of intraocular as a measure of visual system is out of scope. The argument is about correlation vs causation.
(C) Correct: If the answer to this is yes. Then this could weaken the conclusion. If the answer to this is no then this could strengthen the conclusion.
(D) Out of scope. So what if the pressure decreased for a few people. It certainly doesnt matter.
(E) Out of scope. There could be a 1000 other factors that could lead to vision impairment; the argument is only concerned about screen usage.


Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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I think clear cut easy answer.

To decisively say researchers deduced conclusion right or wrong, It would be important to know if it is the only cause or other reasons exist.


Lets look at one by one each choice
Choice A- If already high reading at start and it increased further does say they had effect but only because of this is difficult to predict unless we know they used more than 6 hours or not as a defined condition of this argument. rule out
Choice-B:- This choice says the measurement is reliable but no mention of reason as screen time... unrelated to arguments subject of study--- rule out

Choice C:- This says that any other reason other than screen time while satisfying the condition that they are watching screen for 6 hours or more. so answer to this as yes or no will conclude researchers hypothesis that screen time is the reason or other causes
Choice-D: This is confusing among other but not decisive clearly to say that it is the only reason or it is not
Choice- E:- It talks about other reason which is good and what we want but no mention of screen time to determine its causal relationship.

My anser is C
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The author assumes that:
Heavy screen use -> Quicker IO pressure increase -> Vision impairment

A. the study tracks increase rate of the pressure and not the final value, ignoring the base with which they start. Not hepful.

B. last sentence mentions "elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment", comparing with others isn't helpful.

C. here, since only teenagers are a part of the study, any external habits that are common within them and affect vision, is useful to know. if there are no such habits it strengthens the authors argument. helpful. (CORRECT)

D. even if some teenagers had used the screen less and still had their vision impaired, the paragraph states a correlation between heavy use and vision impairment, so knowing there may be outliers isn't helpful.

E. the main study here is elevated pressure causing vision impairment, so knowing the affect of other factors isn't helpful.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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A - Whether they had or hadn't elevated readings at the start doesn't prove the hypothesis.
B - This is information that was already provided; we don't need to know this.
D - This doesn't help because we are talking about speed here, and this option talks about time spent.
E - This doesn't make hypothesis true or false because the text already provides that info.

CORRECT:
C - Knowing whether another habit may have caused the increased pressure can break the argument. So, this is the correct answer.


Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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I think C is the most important to know because if there is any other common traits among them, that could be the reason for the high pressure instead of the screen time.
For example if all those children eat many junk food > could that have led to the pressure increase?
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this is classic correlation mistaken for causation case.

premise:
-- pressure increase correlates with screen use of more than six hrs.
-- pressure increase is associated with vision impairment.
conclusion: heavy daily screen use is one of factors that causes vision impairment via pressure increase.

we have to find a statement which will help evaluate the argument.

A) argument states increase in pressure as part of reasoning, irrespective of where pressure was initially so it does not help evaluate the argument. incorrect.
B) comparative reliability of pressure against other eye measurements does no good to argument b/c pressure's association with vision impairment is stated as a fact in the passage, and we strengthen/weaken the conclusion or the assumption, not the premise. premise has to be taken as it is. incorrect.
C) if there are factor(s) which causes increase in pressure which in turn leads to vision impairment, then those factors and not the screen use is the initiator of the casual chain. this weakens the conclusion. if false, it strengthens the conclusion. correct
D) correlation b/w increase in pressure and screen use for more than six hrs has been used as premise in the argument. outliers to the trend are very plausible and expected. it does nothing to augment or harm the conclusion. incorrect
E) whether other factors besides pressure increase can lead to vision impairment is already stated in the conclusion which says contributes to i.e. leaving room for other possible factors. whether it is the case or not, in both scenarios the conclusion that high screen use , via pressure increase, leads to vision impairment stands. hence, it does nothing to weaken the argument. we need something that both strengthens and weakens the argument. incorrect.
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So researchers have observed a correlation, that heavy screen use leads to faster increase in intraocular pressure.

They then made a causal conclusion that heavy screen use contributes to vision impairment.

Here you should realise that it could be that a third factor could be causing the increase in intraocular pressure, not necessarily screens.

Lets look at the answers:

A focuses on starting pressure, but the study compared the rate of increase NOT MERELY FINAL PRESSURE - irrelevant
B questions how well pressure reflects overall eye health, but the argument already states that elevated pressure is associated with impairment. The more immediate flaw is causation.
C Does as we discussed above, do heavy screen users share other habits that tends to increase intraocular pressure? Could be like less sleep, exercise less or consume more caffeine, could those habits increase pressure.
Correct answer is C
D does not matter, claim is contrary to the argument made
E is irrelevant, vision impairment having other causes doe snot show that elevated pressure cannot contribute to it
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Conclusion: Heavy daily scree use contribute to vision impairment.
Premise: research found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than 6 hours per day.
We need to check is this the only reason or there can be anything else also coz of which we can see this result

A) this is talking about highest increase in the pressure. Doesn't relate with our given premise. Eliminate.
B) This is going agains our premise, doubting on pressure being reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared....Eliminate.
C) This could be our answer, Since it is talking about an alternate cause as well which might be the reason of pressure to increase quickly.
So Keep it and Move ahead.
D) This again changing the premise, talking about increase in pressure when screen time is less than 6 hours. This doesn't confirm when screen is being used more than 6 hours, it quickly elevate the pressure. Eliminate.
E) This is way too broad perspective. Even if it shows that other reasons are possible, that doesn't confirm anything in this case. Elimiate.

So the answer is C.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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The question is an evaluate question:

Arguments Says:

Screen >6 hrs ==> Pressure increase quickly
and Pressure is correlated to Vision impairment (given correlation)
Conclusion by Author: Screen time increase leads to vision impairment.

Question is asking "to assess the force of evidence for their conclusion" which means he wants us to evaluate the conclusion. To Evaluate we have to see if there is any other factor leading to pressure increase instead of only screen time increase.
only (C) does that.

IMO Answer (C)
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Researchers found that intra-ocular pressure (IOP) increased faster in teens who used screen for >6 hours per day.
It's an established fact that IOP is associated with vision impairment
Hence, the researchers came to the conclusion that heavy daily screen use leads to vision impairment.

Let's weigh each option one at a time.
A. The focus isn't who had the highest IOP at the beginning or end of the experiment, it's the teens whose IOP rose the most rapidly i.e., the rate. Eliminate.
B. We aren't contesting whether the right parameter has been chosen to measure vision impairment. We need to decide whether a screen time of >6 hours contributes to vision impairment. Hence, irrelevant.
C. This is a solid contender since depending on whether the answer to this question is yes or no, you could assess whether it is indeed the higher screen time that contributes to vision impairment or not. Keep.
D. According to the information provided about the experiment, the researchers were interested in knowing the rate at which the teens' IOP increased and they came to the conclusion that the IOP of teens who had screen time >6 hours increased more rapidly. This doesn't mean that the IOP of teens who has screen time under 6 hours didn't increase. Eliminate.
E. Again, similar to how we eliminated option B, we can eliminate this option since it's irrelevant.

Hence, our final answer is C.
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The passage says scientists found that Pressue increased quickly in teenage who spend more than 6 hours per day on screen . This is correlation between spend hours on screen and Increased pressure but no where mentioned this is the causation for same. to be sure about the evidence we need to be sure about whether the screen causing the elevated pressure level or not.
basis on this we will look upon the options.
A - Eliminate - it reiterates the correlation as in the passage. The teenage already has elevated pressure level and reaches to highest after spending time on screen. It increased with time on screen. Correlation but no indication of causation.
B- Eliminate - We are not debating on effectiveness of Intracular pressure as indicator in measuring the Visual system health.
C- Select - This will option gives chance to look upon the causes of increased pressure level. if no habit found, then this will be the cause of increased pressure.
D- Eliminate - It will fail the correlation but won't get chance to know the cause.
E- Eliminate - It is true but not related there can other factor exist which can cause vision impairment, spending more then 6 hours on screen is not only condition.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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A-incorrect: knowing whether their pressure was already high at the start doesn't change the fact that the rate of increase was faster among heavy screen users.
B-incorrect: It was already established that elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment. comparing it adds no value to the screen to pressure link.
D-incorrect: even if some low screen users had increased intraocular pressure, that does not significantly affect whether heavy screen use increases it more quickly.
E-incorrect: other causes of vision impairment do not affect whether heavy screen use contributes to it.
[b]C-correct this links heavy screen use to increased pressure and vision impairment, rather than the screen use itself, this could be the real reason behind the increased pressure which weakens the researcher's conclusion. [/b]
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My answer is C.)
It's an Evaluate question type.
Researchers conclude that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment. (Causal reasoning)

A) Even if most had elevated readings from the start, it can be again due to screen usage- no help- Eliminate
B) We are not comparing if the method is better than other eye measurements- Out of scope- Eliminate
C) If there are other common habits- they can be alternate cause- weakens the argument.
If there no other common habits- no alternate cause- strengthens the argument. - CORRECT
D) Any- This is extreme word. As author does not say conclusion applies to ALL.- Extreme- Eliminate
E) Author says that Intraocular pressure contributes to vision impairment, it does not mean that it is the only cause. There can be other factors too. Eliminate.

Note- in option C) alternate cause weakens the argument because it is presenting a reason for a specific event occurred in the past. However, in Option E) author is concluding about a general/future event.
Bunuel
In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

In order to assess the force of the researchers' evidence for their conclusion, it would be most helpful to know whether

(A) among volunteers whose intraocular pressure was highest at the end of the study, most had already had elevated readings at the start

(B) intraocular pressure is a reliable indicator of overall visual system health compared with other eye measurements

(C) any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly

(D) any of the volunteers whose intraocular pressure increased during the study used screens for fewer than six hours per day

(E) vision impairment can result from factors that do not involve elevated intraocular pressure

 


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The researchers conclude that heavy screen use contributes to vision impairment because it is linked to a faster increase in intraocular pressure.

To evaluate this, we need to know whether something other than screen use could explain the increase.

A is too weak. Initial pressure levels don't explain why pressure increased faster. Eliminate
B is tempting, but the passage already states that elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment. The key issue is whether screen use caused the increase. Eliminate
C sounds right imo. If heavy screen users also share another habit that increases intraocular pressure, that habit could explain the results. Keep
D is irrelevant. Some light screen users may also have increased pressure, but that doesn't evaluate the conclusion. Eliminate
E is out of scope. Other causes of vision impairment don't affect whether screen use contributes through elevated intraocular pressure. Eliminate

Ans : C
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In a study, researchers repeatedly measured the intraocular pressure of thousands of teenage volunteers over four years. The researchers found that intraocular pressure increased more quickly in teenagers who used screens for more than six hours per day. Since elevated intraocular pressure is associated with vision impairment, the researchers concluded that heavy daily screen use contributes to vision impairment.

Seemingly the statement alleges usage of screen for more than 6 hrs per day as the cause of intraocular pressure which results into vision impairment.

What if the teenagers who spend more than six hrs of screentime also have some other common activities/ habit.

It puts up a question whether its the six hrs per day screen time or the other common habit that brings intraocular pressure/ impairment.

The option (C) talks about this exactly.

Any other habits common among teenagers who use screens for more than six hours per day also tend to cause intraocular pressure to increase more quickly.
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