Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been availa

Question

Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal spray vaccine as well.

(B) The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.

(C) The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.

(D) Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.

(E) The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.

"Injectable vaccines" Strengthen Question

VarunBhardwaj · Accepted Answer

Premise 1: injectable vaccines are painful so Parents do not vaccine the child.However, Adults who have serious complications are commonly vaccinated. Premise 2: A new influenza vaccine is painless and can be used to vaccine children. Conclusion: As children rarely develop serious complication, there is no health benefit for this new vaccination. The conclusion is quite strong in that There is NO health benefit for this medicine.It means it doesn't help at all but the stated reason is only for children (they seldom develop serious complications) but what about adults ? As this is an assumption question , we need to fill a gap between premise and conclusion. Now the options:- Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well. Incorrect: Irrelevant.Conclusion is regarding health benefits .Argument doesn't compare the safety of any of the vaccines. B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do. Incorrect: Irrelevant.Argument is about the health benefits of the vaccine not the mechanism by which it achieves that. C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults. Incorrect: Irrelevant.Argument is about the health benefits of the vaccine not its cost D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza. Correct: Lets negate it.if Adults do contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza, then we need to vaccinate the children otherwise Adults will contract.So there are health benefits for this vaccine. As described above.if this option is not true, then Argument is not true.Hence it is the necessary assumption. E. The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults. Incorrect: Out of scope.Argument doesn't compare the effectiveness of any vaccine.If we take this option as true, It weakens the conclusion because if it is most effective then there will be benefits of this medicine. Press Kudos if it helps

mejia401 · Answer

Conclusion: no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Reasoning:   A correct answer choice for assumption is a defender or supporter. If it's a supporter, conclusion + "only if" + answer choice makes sense. Also, the conclusion is necessarily committed to one of the answer choices below. Why would there be no significant public health benefit should children be administered the nasal spray?

A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal spray vaccine as well.  Wrong - This is indeed an assumption, but not one that the conclusion is committed to.

B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.  Wrong - shell game. New mechanisms or not, this is not what the conclusion is committed to.

C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.  Wrong - The conclusion is not committed to this assumption.

D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.  Correct - The conclusion is committed to this assumption because both adults and children are actors, and it follows the premise + conclusion.

E. The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults.  Wrong - Out of scope.

IMO D

Vips0000 · Answer

In the highlighted statement, the conclusion “no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children” is based on fact that since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza
However, the fact is limited only to children. What about adults? What if they develop serious complication from influenza spread by a child? Note the fact is that children ‘seldom develop serious complications’; they still may catch influenza and spread it, resulting in an adult developing serious complication from it.
 So to assert that no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children, primary assumption is that Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza. 
Hence Ans D.

haneefmrn · Answer

Im not able to understand how to conclude to the OA, could someone please provide insights.

PrakharGMAT · Answer

Hi  chetan2u  /  daagh  ,

Please help me in this question. I am not able to negate E.

Breaking down argument-
Fact 1. Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. 
Fact 2. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections.
Fact 3. But adults, who are at  risk of serious complications  from influenza, are commonly vaccinated.
Fact 4. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children.

Until now only facts are given. Now
Conclusion- No significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.  WHY 
Because (Premise)- since children  seldom  develop serious complications from influenza

Now lets read it in reverse manner-

Premise- since children  seldom  develop serious complications from influenza
GAP- ______________________________________
Conclusion- No significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

So now we need to fill this gap to this make argument strong.

__________________________________________________________

Option D-

A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children
Premise- since children  seldom  develop serious complications from influenza
GAP-  Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza

Negating D-  Adults do  not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza

Conclusion- No significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Option D makes the argument strong PERFECT. Hence OA.

__________________________________________________________

Now lets look at option E as well
Before that I would like to clarify that in option E where  "MOT"  is written actually its  "NOT" 
Some people tried to change it with  "MOST"   But its wrong

A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children

Premise- since children  seldom  develop serious complications from influenza

GAP-  The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults

Negating E-  The nasal spray vaccine is  not effective when administered to adults

Conclusion- No significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children
since children  seldom   develop serious complications from influenza
The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.
Therefore, No significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

This option is also working fine.
Where is my reasoning wrong..

Please assist.

chetan2u · Answer

Hi Prakhar,

let me touch only on E..

as written by you..

you have your PREMISE and CONCLUSION talking of CHILDREN, but the gap you are talking of is concerning ONLY ADULTS.. 
the gap/assumption has to be something related in some way to CHILDREN..
Irrespective of MOST or NOT, the problem is that the choice is unable to fill the gap as argument is about CHILDREN
and chice D tells us that ADULTS do not catch influenza from children. Thus CHILDREN has been a part of thi schoice..

anairamitch1804 · Answer

Conclusion :- "no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray".

The conclusion of the argument is that there is no significant health benefit from administering the nasal vaccine to kids. The evidence offered is that kids are not at risk from serious complications. The argument is assuming that this is the only problem that could be addressed by the vaccine. D presents another problem: adults, who suffer from serious complications from influenza, primarily get it from kids.

D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
Negating D :- Adults do contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.{So, if adults are getting contracted influenza via children then widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray will bring significant benefit to public health, hence shattering the conslusion.}

E. The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.
Negating E :- The nasal spray vaccine is effective when administered to adults.{It doesn't get related to conslusion from any where}.

Option D is correct.

aceGMAT21 · Answer

Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well. 
This is a strengthener. Good to know. But it does not directly attack the conclusion, which is regarding the SIGNIFICANT HEALTH BENEFITS. As its not a necessary condition for the argument to hold, therefore, its not an assumption.

D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza. 
I picked D as the correct answer. 
On negating this option statement, the argument breaks.

Can someone elaborate more on the option A statement?

abhimahna , can you please review my explanation for option A? You can even add more on to that, if I am missing something for option A.

abhimahna · Answer

Hi  aceGMAT21  ,

Here is the catch:

A is actually not a strengthener.

Conclusion is "no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray."

In short, even if you give them nasal spray, you won't have any benefit.

A is saying "Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.". What relation does it have with health benefits? Are we saying they will get health benefits from one or the other? No, right? Hence, your reasoning for A is incorrect.

Does that make sense?

lary301254M7 · Answer

If adults contracts the disease from children, we better make sure we vaccinate the kids.
In science this is called herd immunity.

Hence the answer (D)

AnirudhaS · Answer

Pre-thinking --> If we prove that there are other benefits of vaccinating kids.

(A) Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal spray vaccine as well.
 Yes, so?

(B) The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.
 Ok, and?

(C) The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
 Yes, so?
 
(D) Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
 There we go. Finally which tells me that there is a benefit to vaccinating kids, so that adults can't contract --> leading to complications.

(E) The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.
 Adults don't mind the pain.

mba757 · Answer

Conclusion : no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray
 Prethink : No significant PUBLIC health benefit overall? Children may “seldom develop serious complications form influenza,” but what if they carry the disease and pass it along to other people? If it’s really not a public health benefit (for children to get vaccinated), this is probably not true. Look for something like this.

A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
 Out of scope – this distinction doesn’t matter. We want to see the implications with CHILDREN not receiving vaccination and how that’s okay with the public. The distinction between the two vaccines doesn’t have any immediate/direct impact to the conclusion.
 
B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.
 Out of scope – HOW these vaccines work isn’t within the scope of this conclusion. We want to see the implications with CHILDREN not receiving vaccination and how that’s okay with the public.
 
C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
 Out of scope – price is out of scope. 
 
D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
 Bingo! Matches the prethink. This removes the possibility about children passing along the disease.
 
E. The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.
 Out of scope again. We want to see the implications with CHILDREN not receiving vaccination and how that’s okay with the public.

haithamnimer · Answer

The concl. is no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.

Therefore, the answer should be saying that if the children don't take the vaccine, they will not harm anybody.

D choice is the only one saying that!

jabhatta2 · Answer

One point i wanted to mention is D is referring to "ALL" adults

D if negated, All adults get influenza from kids

Now for the adults (who are risk of serious complications) -- it may not be a big deal if they get influenza from the kids. Why ? Because these adults (who are risk of serious compications) do get vaccinated

But what about adults (who ARE NOT AT risk of serious complications) -- they don't get vaccines for the influenze

Hence you will adults (who are NOT AT RISK of serious complications) -- all getting influenza ...Will these adults (who are NOT AT RISK of serious complications) die ? Perhaps not but they will CLOG UP the hospitals as they will certainly check into hospitals

CLOGGING up the hospitals is a public health benefit

jabhatta2 · Answer

Injections against COVID are available. Parents of children are reluctant to give their kids injections because the injections do hurt

Adults  who are obese (at serious risk from COVID complications)  are frequently vaccinated.

Nasal spray vaccine for kids –it is effective to stop COVID in kids.

However, since kids don’t develop any serious complications from COVID --> no point in giving them the nasal spray vaccine.

Negated Option D) 
 All  Adults develop influenza from kids.

Now for  OBESE  adults – it may not be a big deal even if these  OBESE  adults get influenza (these OBESE adults have gotten the vaccine after all)

But what about OTHER adults:  non-obese adults  will get influenza and these non-obese adults WILL then go to the hospital (maybe these  non-obese  adults WONT die, but then these  non-obese  adults will clog up the hospitals)

rmahe11 · Answer

So then, why is E incorrect then, it directly weakens the conclusion

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