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17 Apr 2020, 00:36
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B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
72% (01:11) correct
28%
(01:28)
wrong
based on 670
sessions
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In the 1880's new steamships made it possible to bring cheap wheat and meat to England, which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, and sent a flood of rural refugees into cities.
A) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, and sent
B) a development that bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
C) a development bankrupting family farms and aristocratic estates and sending
D) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
E) a development which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, to send
17 Apr 2020, 00:39
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OFFICIAL EXPLANATION
THE PROMPT
The fact that new steamships allowed cheap wheat and meat to be brought to England bankrupted many rural people who became city-bound refugees.
• WHICH?
-- whenever you see the word which in the underlined portion of the prompt, check immediately to see what which refers to.
-- which is a pronoun (a "relative pronoun").
-- a pronoun must refer to a stated noun and cannot stand for the idea expressed in the previous clause
• which frequently (not always!) refers to the immediately preceding noun or main noun in a noun phrase
• England did not bankrupt people and create refugees
THE OPTIONS
• but the words the fact do not exist
• which is missing a referent
ELIMINATE A
• furthermore, sending a flood of rural refugees into the cities is appropriately used to modify the previous clause
→ sending is a present participle (verbING)
→ participle phrases preceded by a comma are tested heavily
• a development that . . . is a type of appositive modifier. The phrase is called a summative modifier: a few words summarize the idea of the previous clause.
• this sentence seems fine
KEEP B
• grammatical but not as logical (or elegant) as B
-- in the phrase a development bankrupting, the gerund (verbING) bankrupting is not as idiomatic as a development that bankrupted.
You cannot memorize this type of idiomatic construction.
If you read 20-30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, you'll be "put off" by the ___ING words here
-- logic? Not as good as that in option B.
-- the logic of (B) is
steamships → cheap wheat and meat → farmers and rural aristocrats bankrupted → created a refugee flow to the cities
-- the logic of (C) is
steamships → cheap wheat and meat → farmers and rural aristocrats bankrupted AND refugee flow created
-- the development did not directly cause urban-bound refugees. The bankruptcy did.
• style and diction: gerunds can be very clunky and in this case, are much clunkier than the that-clause phrasing in (B)
___ING words are excellent for tying clauses together, especially condition and result clauses, but they are not great as part of adjective clauses
ELIMINATE D
→ we should be reading a development that bankrupted family farmers . . .
-- which is set off by commas and indicates nonessential information
-- that is never set off by commas and indicates essential information
-- If you see which without commas, check to see whether the word should be that
-- in British English, which and that are interchangeable, but in the U.S. and on the GMAT, they are not interchangeable
• the infinitive to send is weird and sounds like an infinitive of purpose.
-- that is, it sounds as though the development bankrupted farms and estates in order to send rural refugees to cities. Um, no.
ELIMINATE E
The best answer is B.
NOTES
I don't want to make you too wary of ___ING words, because GMAC writers test the COMMA PLUS which or ___ING distinction relentlessly, and the latter is correct to show result.
Gerunds and participles (___ING words) are fairly common in English.
On the other hand, I need you to learn from reading good prose that ___ING words are often heavy, inert, and sludgy.
I doubt that GMAC would write options as close as those in options B and C, although GMAC has written dozens of questions in which a very slight difference was difference enough. (What I just wrote is vernacular. "Difference enough" means that "GMAC writers believed there was enough difference between the answers to make one superior and the other inferio.")
COMMENTS
abannore , welcome to SC Butler.
I see a couple of people I have not seen in awhile.
As always, I am glad to see all of your posts.
These answers are well-reasoned and thoughtful.
The discussion is interesting.
We have a very few errors in both assumptions and reasoning here and there, but the quality of these answers will make life easier for those who follow.
Nice work. Kudos to all.
Project SC Butler: Sentence Correction (SC1)
THE PROMPT
Quote:
• Meaning?
The fact that new steamships allowed cheap wheat and meat to be brought to England bankrupted many rural people who became city-bound refugees.
• WHICH?
-- whenever you see the word which in the underlined portion of the prompt, check immediately to see what which refers to.
-- which is a pronoun (a "relative pronoun").
-- a pronoun must refer to a stated noun and cannot stand for the idea expressed in the previous clause
• which frequently (not always!) refers to the immediately preceding noun or main noun in a noun phrase
• England did not bankrupt people and create refugees
THE OPTIONS
Quote:
• which is supposed to refer to the fact that new steamships allowed cheap wheat and meat to be brought to England
• but the words the fact do not exist
• which is missing a referent
ELIMINATE A
Quote:
• the word which is replaced with the noun a development, eliminating the problem of a missing referent
• furthermore, sending a flood of rural refugees into the cities is appropriately used to modify the previous clause
→ sending is a present participle (verbING)
→ participle phrases preceded by a comma are tested heavily
• a development that . . . is a type of appositive modifier. The phrase is called a summative modifier: a few words summarize the idea of the previous clause.
• this sentence seems fine
KEEP B
Quote:
• this option is a tough call. I would tentatively keep it, eliminate D and E, and return
• grammatical but not as logical (or elegant) as B
-- in the phrase a development bankrupting, the gerund (verbING) bankrupting is not as idiomatic as a development that bankrupted.
You cannot memorize this type of idiomatic construction.
If you read 20-30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, you'll be "put off" by the ___ING words here
-- logic? Not as good as that in option B.
-- the logic of (B) is
steamships → cheap wheat and meat → farmers and rural aristocrats bankrupted → created a refugee flow to the cities
-- the logic of (C) is
steamships → cheap wheat and meat → farmers and rural aristocrats bankrupted AND refugee flow created
-- the development did not directly cause urban-bound refugees. The bankruptcy did.
• style and diction: gerunds can be very clunky and in this case, are much clunkier than the that-clause phrasing in (B)
___ING words are excellent for tying clauses together, especially condition and result clauses, but they are not great as part of adjective clauses
Quote:
• which has no referent (antecedent), just as is the case in option A
ELIMINATE D
Quote:
• which and that are not interchangeable
→ we should be reading a development that bankrupted family farmers . . .
-- which is set off by commas and indicates nonessential information
-- that is never set off by commas and indicates essential information
-- If you see which without commas, check to see whether the word should be that
-- in British English, which and that are interchangeable, but in the U.S. and on the GMAT, they are not interchangeable
• the infinitive to send is weird and sounds like an infinitive of purpose.
-- that is, it sounds as though the development bankrupted farms and estates in order to send rural refugees to cities. Um, no.
ELIMINATE E
The best answer is B.
NOTES
I don't want to make you too wary of ___ING words, because GMAC writers test the COMMA PLUS which or ___ING distinction relentlessly, and the latter is correct to show result.
Gerunds and participles (___ING words) are fairly common in English.
On the other hand, I need you to learn from reading good prose that ___ING words are often heavy, inert, and sludgy.
I doubt that GMAC would write options as close as those in options B and C, although GMAC has written dozens of questions in which a very slight difference was difference enough. (What I just wrote is vernacular. "Difference enough" means that "GMAC writers believed there was enough difference between the answers to make one superior and the other inferio.")
COMMENTS
abannore , welcome to SC Butler.
I see a couple of people I have not seen in awhile.
As always, I am glad to see all of your posts.
These answers are well-reasoned and thoughtful.
The discussion is interesting.
We have a very few errors in both assumptions and reasoning here and there, but the quality of these answers will make life easier for those who follow.
Nice work. Kudos to all.
General Discussion
17 Apr 2020, 01:00
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Bookmarks
In the 1880's new steamships made it possible to bring cheap wheat and meat to England, which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, and sent a flood of rural refugees into cities.
A) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, and sent
"which" can't use to modify the whole sentence.
B) a development that bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
correct answer
C) a development bankrupting family farms and aristocratic estates and sending
sending a flood of rural refugees into cities is a result of the development. hence, hence "using" needs to modify the whole sentence.
D) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
"which" can't use to modify the whole sentence.
E) a development which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, to send
"to send" seems to modify the new steamship, meaning that the steamship made it possible to send a flood of rural refugees into cities. sending should be occurred as a result of the development.
__________________
the answer is "B"
A) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, and sent
"which" can't use to modify the whole sentence.
B) a development that bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
correct answer
C) a development bankrupting family farms and aristocratic estates and sending
sending a flood of rural refugees into cities is a result of the development. hence, hence "using" needs to modify the whole sentence.
D) which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, sending
"which" can't use to modify the whole sentence.
E) a development which bankrupted family farms and aristocratic estates, to send
"to send" seems to modify the new steamship, meaning that the steamship made it possible to send a flood of rural refugees into cities. sending should be occurred as a result of the development.
__________________
the answer is "B"
