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Is it correct to say that B, C, D are too extreme since they use the words "always" and "should"?


Not really! However, they are pretty much out of scope.
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Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

The first question that should arise upon reading the conclusion is that whether this issue is so important that it will cause a re-election. A fills this crucial gap.


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.
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"Most people oppose such tariffs", so why does opinion of the supporters of tariffs on particular products even matter?
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IMO E
People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

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VeritasKarishma


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

VeritasKarishma

I got a question related to the word "most (51%) people are in opposition of the tariff". According to your rationale for A, if the most people in opposition don't have a preference in voting, and the supporters (49%) of the tariff vote for the politician then the politician might loose some votes and end up in a situation of 49/48 (Support of Tariff/ Opposition of Tariff).

Clearly the politician will not get reelected, but what if the there is a minimum benchmark that until 51% votes are in a for or against, the politican does not get reelected in a 49/48 scenario. Does the conclusion say that that people always have to vote and that there is not a No Vote scenario, where some people just don't vote.
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VeritasKarishma


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

VeritasKarishma

I got a question related to the word "most (51%) people are in opposition of the tariff". According to your rationale for A, if the most people in opposition don't have a preference in voting, and the supporters (49%) of the tariff vote for the politician then the politician might loose some votes and end up in a situation of 49/48 (Support of Tariff/ Opposition of Tariff).

Clearly the politician will not get reelected, but what if the there is a minimum benchmark that until 51% votes are in a for or against, the politican does not get reelected in a 49/48 scenario. Does the conclusion say that that people always have to vote and that there is not a No Vote scenario, where some people just don't vote.

Tariffs help a small percentage but hurt all others. Likely, this would be 20/80 kind of split.
20 will support tariffs and 80 oppose tariffs.

If the politician voted against tariff, would he get the support of 80? We are assuming he would.
But what if supporters of tariffs feel much more strongly about this issue while opposers do not?
What if the 20 definitely do not vote for such a politician but the 80 have no special preference for him? Then he may get 40 of the 80 votes and another politician may get all 60.

People don't always have to vote. We are talking about increasing probability of winning. Making it more likely, not making the politician win. Note the use "more likely" in the argument.
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Got to A thru PoE... everything is easily out of scope here except A and E

I was stuck between A and E and was able to negate E and see how it wasnt relevant to the argument. The poll shows people are against tariffs, regardless of knowing whether or not they are hurt by them.

def 700 level.
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I think A is not assumption here it is stated in the stem "Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs"
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The crux of this argument is what is more important in the case of these tariffs for the politician in terms of likelihood of getting elected. B, C, and D are easy to eliminate.

Negating A and E:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products “are” significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue
This means that the standing of the supporters of tariffs is much more important than the standing of the opposers. The opposers could be indifferent in this case and might base their vote on issues other than the tariffs. Note that there is a good chance that the politician will not get the opposers vote even after opposing the tariffs. Definitely hurts the politician’s chances if he or she goes against the supporters of tariffs.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally “do not” know that they would be hurt by them.
This one is a bit tricky because it seems like if supporters don’t know if the tariffs hurt them, they won’t oppose. But the argument already tells us that most people oppose the tariffs, so it is irrelevant why or how they oppose the tariffs and if they know that the tariffs hurt them or not. Also, it might be that they oppose tariffs because they are generally against them, it is just a coincidence that in this case the tariffs actually hurt them.

A is the answer.
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Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue. - CORRECT. It stretches the two ends which goes against the conclusion. On one hand the supports don't vote and on the other hand opponents too think otherwise to not vote in favour of that politician. 

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected. - WRONG. Politicians' vote don't matter.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products. - WRONG. Irrelevant.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population. - WRONG. Like C this too is irrelevant.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them. - WRONG. Rephrased what passage already said i.e. most people oppose such tariffs.

Answer A.
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KarishmaB

AshutoshB
Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

LSAT
Tariffs on particular products protect a few and hurt many (let's say 10 - 90)
Most oppose such tariffs.

Conclusion:
Politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs

We are now looking for a missing necessary premise:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.
The argument does not say that the politicians vote against tariffs. If it did, then we would be assuming that they vote according to what is most likely to get re-elected. It says that "politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs." We are not assuming anything about what the politicians actually do.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.
General tariffs and what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) are not topics of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.
Again, what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) is not the topic of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.
We are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs". This is what the argument is based on.

Answer (A)
­KarishmaB chetan2u sir: (E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them. If majority of the people do not know that tariffs are hurting them then how will they decide to vote for a particular politician ? If I negate this - I get People who will get hurt by tariffs dont know that they will be hurt by tariffs. If they dont know tariffs are going to hurt them then how will they vote against a specific politician? Kindly educate?­
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akshitab2912

KarishmaB

AshutoshB
Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

LSAT
Tariffs on particular products protect a few and hurt many (let's say 10 - 90)
Most oppose such tariffs.

Conclusion:
Politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs

We are now looking for a missing necessary premise:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.
The argument does not say that the politicians vote against tariffs. If it did, then we would be assuming that they vote according to what is most likely to get re-elected. It says that "politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs." We are not assuming anything about what the politicians actually do.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.
General tariffs and what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) are not topics of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.
Again, what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) is not the topic of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.
We are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs". This is what the argument is based on.

Answer (A)
­KarishmaB chetan2u sir: (E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them. If majority of the people do not know that tariffs are hurting them then how will they decide to vote for a particular politician ? If I negate this - I get People who will get hurt by tariffs dont know that they will be hurt by tariffs. If they dont know tariffs are going to hurt them then how will they vote against a specific politician? Kindly educate?­
­As I explained above, we are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs." This is a premise and taken to be true. Whether people know that they will be hurt or not, doesn't matter. We know that they oppose tariffs. 
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­The argument hinges on the idea that politicians who oppose tariffs are more likely to get re-elected. Here's a breakdown of why answer choice (A) is the key assumption:

The Argument:

1. Tariffs on specific products hurt most people.
2. Most people oppose such tariffs.
3. Therefore, politicians who vote against tariffs are more likely to be re-elected.


Underlying Assumption (A):

- Voters prioritize a politician's stance on tariffs when deciding their vote, AND
- Supporters of tariffs are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote on this issue.


Why (A) is the Assumption:

The argument doesn't explicitly state that opposing tariffs guarantees re-election. It suggests it's a popular stance because most people dislike tariffs. However, for this to translate to more votes, the argument assumes two things:

1. Voters care about a politician's position on tariffs enough to influence their vote.
2. There's no significant difference between how strongly tariff supporters and opponents vote based on this issue.

If either of these assumptions isn't true, opposing tariffs might not be the winning strategy.

For example, imagine:
- Most people dislike tariffs, but they don't consider it a major voting factor. (Assumption 1 might be false)
- A small, passionate group of voters strongly supports tariffs and always votes based on it. (Assumption 2 might be false)

In such scenarios, opposing tariffs might not secure the most votes.­
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KarishmaB
AshutoshB
Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

LSAT

Tariffs on particular products protect a few and hurt many (let's say 10 - 90)
Most oppose such tariffs.

Conclusion:
Politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs

We are now looking for a missing necessary premise:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.
The argument does not say that the politicians vote against tariffs. If it did, then we would be assuming that they vote according to what is most likely to get re-elected. It says that "politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs." We are not assuming anything about what the politicians actually do.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.
General tariffs and what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) are not topics of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.
Again, what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) is not the topic of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.
We are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs". This is what the argument is based on.

Answer (A)
KarishmaB chetan2u AjiteshArun HarshR9
Doesnt A seem more of strengthener than an assumption? No doubt it is the most suitable option among the choices but wanted to know this conceptually. What do you think?
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RenB
KarishmaB
AshutoshB
Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

LSAT

Tariffs on particular products protect a few and hurt many (let's say 10 - 90)
Most oppose such tariffs.

Conclusion:
Politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs

We are now looking for a missing necessary premise:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.
The argument does not say that the politicians vote against tariffs. If it did, then we would be assuming that they vote according to what is most likely to get re-elected. It says that "politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs." We are not assuming anything about what the politicians actually do.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.
General tariffs and what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) are not topics of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.
Again, what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) is not the topic of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.
We are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs". This is what the argument is based on.

Answer (A)
KarishmaB chetan2u AjiteshArun HarshR9
Doesnt A seem more of strengthener than an assumption? No doubt it is the most suitable option among the choices but wanted to know this conceptually. What do you think?


Technically, all assumptions are strengtheners. They are a special kind of strengthener. They do make it more likely that the conclusion is true. Just that they are actually necessary for the conclusion to be true. If they were not true, the conclusion would collapse.
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RenB
KarishmaB
AshutoshB
Tariffs on particular products tend to protect the small percentage of the population that works in industries
that make those products while hurting everyone else through higher costs. Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs. So politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?


(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.

LSAT

Tariffs on particular products protect a few and hurt many (let's say 10 - 90)
Most oppose such tariffs.

Conclusion:
Politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs

We are now looking for a missing necessary premise:

(A) Supporters of tariffs on particular products are not significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Let's see what happens when we negate this - supporters are significantly more likely to base their vote on this issue.
Then supporters of tariffs will vote against the politician who stands against tariffs.
But opposers of tariff may not give any preference to the political who stands against tariffs.
So my standing against tariffs, the politician may get no extra votes (since tariff opposers give her no preference) but may lose some votes (because tariff supporters don't like her). Then the politician will not be more likely to be re-elected. This is an assumption.

(B) Politicians always vote according to what is most likely to get them reelected.
The argument does not say that the politicians vote against tariffs. If it did, then we would be assuming that they vote according to what is most likely to get re-elected. It says that "politicians would be more likely to be reelected if they voted against these tariffs." We are not assuming anything about what the politicians actually do.

(C) Politicians should support only general tariffs, since such tariffs would be more widely popular with voters than tariffs on particular products.
General tariffs and what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) are not topics of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(D) Politicians should never support measures that favor only a small percentage of the population.
Again, what the politicians should or should not support (ethical question) is not the topic of discussion. The topic of discussion is what would make politicians more likely to be reelected.

(E) People who would be hurt by tariffs generally know that they would be hurt by them.
We are given "Polls show that in fact most people oppose such tariffs". This is what the argument is based on.

Answer (A)
KarishmaB chetan2u AjiteshArun HarshR9
Doesnt A seem more of strengthener than an assumption? No doubt it is the most suitable option among the choices but wanted to know this conceptually. What do you think?
Hey RenB,

Every assumption is also, by default, a strengthener too. An assumption is simply a strengthener that is also something that is absolutely necessary for the argument to hold true.

Here - Choice A should work, I think.

Negated - Supporters of tariffs on particular products are significantly more likely than opponents to base their vote for a politician on the politician's stand on this issue.

Then, with regard to a politician who has gone against a tariff ->

- Supporters of tariffs will be expected to vote against the politician
- Opponents of tariffs, given they are not likely to base their vote on this point, they may or may not vote for this politician.

So, given that such a politician will definitely lose some votes (supporters of tariffs) and may not really get any extra votes on account o opposing tariffs, it is not logical to conclude that such a politician is likely to be reelected.

Hope this helps.
Harsha
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