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Hi avigutman - isn't the usage of "THEY" wrong in option A /option B / Option C and Option D ?

"THEY" refers back the very same noun + its modifiers

In option A /B/C and D -- "They" in all these options refers BACK to the very same (Lines of competitions in the more established industries) which cannot make sense.

I can understand if this error was seen in all 5 choices rendering this error moot

BUT this error is seen in 4 choices only - Option E has the correct usage "THOSE" but option E is not the OA

How to reconcile
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Hi avigutman - 2 quick questions

I eliminated B becuse of the usage of "Although"

Although X, Y == if X and Y are clauses -- they should be referring to the same entity (not the same subject necessarily)

Example
-- Although Sam is American, Sam has never lived in America (Sam is the same subject and thus the same entity)
-- Although fries of Pizza hut are bad, burgers of pizza hut are good (Referring to different items/subject but for the same entity, Pizza hut)

Wrong usage (I think ?)
-- Although fries of Pizza hut are bad, fries of KFC are good (fries maybe a common subject but the entities are different)

It doesnt make sense to see "Although" when comparing fries of pizza hut vs fries of KFC (Pizza hut and KFC are different entities)

Thus i eliminated B

Fair or lucky you think ?

jabhatta2 we start a sentence with the word "although" if we want to call the reader's attention to something that we expect he will find surprising.
Although x, y.
I, the author, believe that my reader will find y surprising in the context of x.
I don't know what you mean by this:
jabhatta2

Although X, Y == if X and Y are clauses -- they should be referring to the same entity (not the same subject necessarily)
In my opinion, you got lucky.
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jabhatta2
Hi avigutman - isn't the usage of "THEY" wrong in option A /option B / Option C and Option D ?

"THEY" refers back the very same noun + its modifiers

In option A /B/C and D -- "They" in all these options refers BACK to the very same (Lines of competitions in the more established industries) which cannot make sense.

I can understand if this error was seen in all 5 choices rendering this error moot

BUT this error is seen in 4 choices only - Option E has the correct usage "THOSE" but option E is not the OA

How to reconcile

jabhatta2 "that of" and "those of" are possessive:
Avi's room is smaller than that of his brother = Avi's room is smaller than his brother's
When we're not dealing with possessives, we can use regular pronouns:
Whereas televisions have a high definition resolution in 2021, in 2001 they had regular resolution.
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Confused between A & B, I selected A, as B was lacking 'more... than' structure.
But I am still confused on how A ends: companies that compete..... may be partners....
Now "may be" is a linking verb so it should be connecting parallel elements, but compete is a verb while partners noun.
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Confused between A & B, I selected A, as B was lacking 'more... than' structure.
But I am still confused on how A ends: companies that compete..... may be partners....
Now "may be" is a linking verb so it should be connecting parallel elements, but compete is a verb while partners noun.
Let's look at that section of the (A) version.

companies that compete one day may be partners the next

We see that we have a clause the includes a relative clause modifier in the middle.

companies that compete one day may be partners the next

Let's remove the relative clause to see what we get.

companies ... may be partners the next

OK, now we can see what's going on.

The core clause is

companies may be partners

That clause is fine.

So, the basic clause is fine, and what appears in the (A) version is simply that clause + two modifiers: that compete one day and the next

Putting it back together, we see that it's perfectly logical.

companies that compete one day may be partners the next (day)
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Hi GMATGuruNY -

In option B - Why can't the adverb one day be considered to be modifying the present partciple competing ?

Present participles are adjectives and Adverbs CAN modify adjectives.

I know adverbs modify verbs BUT its also true adverbs can modify adjectives as well [For example : Passengers flying tommorow.... Adverb tommorow is certainly modifying the present partciple adjective Flying]

So in this case too,

In option B, The adverb one day can jump over the noun (Companies) and modify the present participle adjective competing.

Thus, in option A and option B - the adverb one day is modifying a verb - (Compete in option A) and the adverb one day is modifiying an adjective - (Competing in option B) -- what does this meaning difference imply ?

If you could perhaps explain how that changes the meaning between option A and option B - that would be great !
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Hi GMATGuruNY -

In option B - Why can't the adverb one day be considered to be modifying the present partciple competing ?

Present participles are adjectives and Adverbs CAN modify adjectives.

I know adverbs modify verbs BUT its also true adverbs can modify adjectives as well [For example : Passengers flying tommorow.... Adverb tommorow is certainly modifying the present partciple adjective Flying]

So in this case too,

In option B, The adverb one day can jump over the noun (Companies) and modify the present participle adjective competing.

Thus, in option A and option B - the adverb one day is modifying a verb - (Compete in option A) and the adverb one day is modifiying an adjective - (Competing in option B) -- what does this meaning difference imply ?

If you could perhaps explain how that changes the meaning between option A and option B - that would be great !

Hello jabhatta2,

We hope this finds you well.

Having gone through the question and your query, we believe we can resolve your doubt.

You are correct that "one day" can technically modify the adjective "competing", but the resultant phrase "competing companies one day" is essentially incoherent.

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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jabhatta2
In option B, The adverb one day can jump over the noun (Companies) and modify the present participle adjective competing.

The statement above is incorrect.
An adverb cannot jump over a preceding noun to modify an adjective describing that noun.
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jabhatta2
In option B, The adverb one day can jump over the noun (Companies) and modify the present participle adjective competing.

The statement above is incorrect.
An adverb cannot jump over a preceding noun to modify an adjective describing that noun.

Hi GMATGuruNY - I dont want to memorize this rule. Could you perhaps give some examples of what you mean above ?

I am surprised with your statement above because I thought adverbs COULD JUMP (given adverbs DONT HAVE TO BE close to the what they are referring to). Example of adverbs jumping over nouns :

I eat icecream extremly quickly.

Here both adverbs in red are jumping over the noun (ice cream) to modify the verb (Eat)
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I think the adverb PERHAPS has to be in front of the adjective in case an adverb has to modify an adjective but I am not sure

Quote:

(i) My Irish grandmother supposedly drank beer daily

vs

(ii) My supposedly Irish grandmother drank beer daily


In (i) - i think the adverb in red is referring to the verb (drank)
but in

(ii) - the adverb in red is modifying the adjective in blue
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jabhatta2
I think the adverb PERHAPS has to be in front of the adjective in case an adverb has to modify an adjective but I am not sure

Quote:

(i) My Irish grandmother supposedly drank beer daily

vs

(ii) My supposedly Irish grandmother drank beer daily


In (i) - i think the adverb in red is referring to the verb (drank)
but in

(ii) - the adverb in red is modifying the adjective in blue

Your understanding seems correct.
Whereas an adverb modifying a verb may be separated from that verb, an adverb modifying an adjective will generally be adjacent to that adjective.
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Isn't 'they' to be used strictly to refer to people ?
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Isn't 'they' to be used strictly to refer to people ?
Hi Dhwanii, they/them/their can refer to anything plural (person or non-person).

For example:

I have five pens, but their nibs are broken.
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Dhwanii
Isn't 'they' to be used strictly to refer to people ?

Hello Dhwanii,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, in formal English, "he" and "she" and their derivatives can only be used to refer to human beings, but there is no such restriction on "they" and its derivatives.

For example, "The two red cars are cheap because they are secondhand." Here, "cars" are non-living things, and the sentence correctly refers to them with "they".

We hope this helps.
All the best!
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Isn't (A) ambiguous?

"more established industries" - "more" can modify "established" or "industries"
1) more established (industries)
2) more (established) industries
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Isn't (A) ambiguous?

"more established industries" - "more" can modify "established" or "industries"
1) more established (industries)
2) more (established) industries

The use of "the" removes this ambiguity. With "the" in front, the only viable interpretation is the more established industries—in which this phrase describes "industries".

The other interpretation that's possible WITHOUT "the" is MORE established industries (= "a larger number of industries of this type").
This construction, though—as you can verify by making up your own examples (e.g., "more turkey sandwiches")—does not, and cannot, take "the" in front of it.
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In the OA, the lines of competition and the Internet Industry are compared. I went with B as the comparison seemed perfect. please
Neither choice (A) nor choice (B) is ideal.

In (A), the use of the pronoun "they" to refer to "lines of competition" is somehow a little off, as, ideally, "they" would refer to a specific set of lines of competition, but, in this case, "they" refers to lines of competition in general in the Internet industry without that reference's being made clear.

An analogous sentence is, "Whereas people speak Chinese in China, in the United States they speak English." What people does "they" refer to exactly?

In (B), "they" seems to refer to "the lines of competition," but "the lines of competition" mentioned are those in the more established industries, not in the Internet industry. So, in a sense, (B) conveys that "the lines of competition ... in the industries that are more established" are in the Internet industry.

Now, regarding the fact that the comparison in (A) does not line up perfectly, in (A), the use of "whereas" rather than, for instance,"unlike," indicates that we are dealing, not with a strict comparison, but with two contrasting clauses. So, the comparison does not have to line up perfectly. The two clauses have merely to present a contrast.

The comparison in (B) does seem to line up a little better than does the comparison in (A), but probably was written to sound better than (A) in order to tempt people who don't notice the key difference between the two choices.

The key difference between the two choices and the clearest reason to select (A) over (B) is that the connection between choice (B) and the non-underlined portion of the sentence is flawed, whereas choice (A) works with the non-underlined portion of the sentence, as has been discussed in previous posts.

Hi, MartyTargetTestPrep.

Could you please elaborate on the strict comparison vs non-strict comparison? Which words indicate a strict comparison?

Will this sentence be correct in terms of comparison? (I know that the original meaning is lost, but I'm just curious about the comparison).

Unlike the lines of competition that are clearly defined in the more established industries, in the Internet industry they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete one day may be partners the next.
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