A substance derived from tartaric acid, which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world, is produced as a byproduct of wine fermentation and collected by winemakers to be sold as raw material for the processed food industry.
(A) A substance derived from tartaric acid, which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world,
This option changes the intended meaning of originals sentence. The derivative of tartaric acid is a popular food additive and this derivative is a byproduct as well. This option alters the meaning by using comma + which modifier which is modifying the closest noun tartaric acid.
INCORRECT(B) A derivative, which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world, of tartaric acid
The modifier placement and the way in which the introduction about the derivative is presented here is very unclear. A derivative which has proved to be a popular food additive doesn't clarify what derivative.
INCORRECT(C) A tartaric acid derivative, which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world,
This option is correct in terms of modifier and SV agreement rules. It maintains a grammatically correct structure with the relative clause modifying the subject accurately.
CORRECT(D) Tartaric acid, a derivative of which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world,
This option completely reverses the SV structure and changes the completely meaning of original sentence. Tartaric acid is not produced as a byproduct rather it's derivative is.
INCORRECT(E) Tartaric acid has a derivative which has proved to be a popular food additive in many parts of the world, that
Wrong modifier structure and incorrect use of relative pronoun 'that' here.
INCORRECTOption C is the right answer.