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Hi, Please can you some explain how D doesn't strengthen the argument.
the option talks about knowledge sharing of East African animals prior to 10th Century, which means no trade was there and thus it strengthens the argument.
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D: Date earlier than 10th century cannot support the idea about trade began at this period

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(D) is correct for the following reasons:

- refers to "Mediterranean Europe" but the argument talks about Mediterranean coast of North Africa
- pre-tenth century knowledge of East African animals (could be any animal) does not support the argument in any way
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A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.
Conclusion: Trade between NA and EA began at this period (tenth century). We need to find an answer choice that DOES NOT strengthen the argument. This could mean a weakener or an answer choice that has no effect on the argument.
Each of following, if true, provides some support for the historians’ account described above EXCEPT:

(A) In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century site but at no earlier sites. Yes. This answer choice supports the argument that trade occurred at a tenth century site but nothing earlier than that.

(B) The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention of business transactions involving East Africa. Same logic as answer choice A. This shows that the letters did not exist prior to the tenth century, supporting the argument that trade began in the tenth century.

(C) Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect North African patterns. Yes. This supports the argument that there was trade since there was a change in architectural style during the tenth century.

(D) Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals. This does not strengthen the argument. There was nothing that changed during the tenth century that supports trade happened between EA and NA.

(E) East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean. Yes. This strengthens the argument by saying that the carving style is something unique to the tenth century, supporting the argument that there were interactions/trade between EA and NA
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It seems as though none of the options talk about the 'new sources of ivory', so the first half of the argument is redundant?
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FALSEnine9
It seems as though none of the options talk about the 'new sources of ivory', so the first half of the argument is redundant?
The first part of the historians' opinion is definitely not as important for determining which choice is correct as their final conclusion "the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period." All of the choices that provide support for their "account" support that final conclusion.

At the same time, the first part is necessary for their argument to work.
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GMATNinja
A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.
Each of following, if true, provides some support for the historians’ account described
above EXCEPT:
A. In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenthcentury site but at no earlier sites.
B. The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention of business transactions involving East Africa.
C. Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect North African patterns.
D. Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals.
E. East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean

Can you please confirm whether my reasoning is correct?

Ivory Artifacts increased in 10th Century.
According to Historians - This happened because of a new source of raw material.
The new source came into being because of the new trade that began at the same time between NA and EA.


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devil.rocx
Can you please confirm whether my reasoning is correct?

Ivory Artifacts increased in 10th Century.
According to Historians - This happened because of a new source of raw material.
The new source came into being because of the new trade that began at the same time between NA and EA.
That's pretty close, but I'd adjust the last part to the following:

The coming into being of this new source indicates that new trade began at the same time between NA and EA.
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MartyTargetTestPrep

I didn't get the meaning of E, could you please help me understand it.

What does it mean that EA has a carving of a vessels that are very different from those by local sailors but are very common in M?
Who are these local sailors? What does it imply by saying very common in M?
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rs2010
A sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa occurred in the tenth century. Historians explain this increase as the result of an area opening up as a new source of ivory and argue on this basis that the important medieval trade between North Africa and East Africa began at this period.

Each of following, if true, provides some support for the historians’ account described above EXCEPT:
In EXCEPT questions, I've improved my efficiency by looking for choices that we don't have to hunt.
Such as ,in this case, look for choices which provide support for historians' account.

Quote:
(A) In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century site but at no earlier sites.
Strengthens.

Quote:
(B) The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention of business transactions involving East Africa.
Strengthens by eliminating another possibility.
That is , Trade may have occurred in tenth century or later.

Quote:
(C) Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect North African patterns.
Strengthens

Quote:
(D) Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals.
No effect
Ok. Documents show knowledge of East African animals.
Which animals? We don't know.

Quote:
(E) East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean.
Strengthens.
Carvings style, resembling the characteristic of 10th century, on seagoing vessels were more of a type common in Mediterranean.
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Conclusion - Opening of new source of ivory, i.e., trade between North and East Africa (in the 10th century) is the cause of a sudden increase in the production of elephant ivory artifacts.
Type - Strengthen (Except)

(A) In East Africa gold coins from Mediterranean North Africa have been found at a tenth-century site but at no earlier sites - An obvious way to strengthen this kind of question is to show that the increase in production didn't happen before the trade was established or in other words the trade was established in 10th century and not before or after, thereby weakening the cause-effect link. This option does exactly the above. Presence of Mediterranean North African Gold in pre-tenth century East African sites would have weakened the cause-effect link. Eliminating an alternate cause makes that stronger. Since this is an except type question - Drop

(B) The many surviving letters of pre-tenth-century North African merchants include no mention of business transactions involving East Africa. Though not a necessary condition, this does slightly support the fact that trade relations began in the 10th century and not before. Drop

(C) Excavations in East Africa reveal a tenth-century change in architectural style to reflect North African patterns. Shows cultural exchange in the 10th century. Drop

(D) Documents from Mediterranean Europe and North Africa that date back earlier than the tenth century show knowledge of East African animals. Okay, This option doesn't have any impact on the conclusion. For all we know, they might have know the information all along, but that doesn't tell us that the trade route between East and North Africa was the reason for increase in ivory artifact production in the 10th century or was it something else altogether. Keep

(E) East African carvings in a style characteristic of the tenth century depict seagoing vessels very different from those used by local sailors but of a type common in the Mediterranean. This does support the theory that trade began in the 10th century. Drop
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­Historians' Argument:
  • A sudden increase in ivory artifacts in North Africa (10th century) suggests a new source of ivory.
  • They conclude this new source led to the beginning of trade between North Africa and East Africa at this time.

Why (D) Doesn't Support the Argument:
  • Option (D) states that documents from earlier times in both regions show knowledge of East African animals.
  • This finding doesn't necessarily contradict the historians' claim.
  • Even if people knew about East African animals, it doesn't prove trade existed between the regions. They could have learned about the animals through second-hand accounts or exploration, not direct trade.

Why Other Options Support the Argument:
  • (A): Gold coins from North Africa found in a 10th-century East African site suggest trade connections during that period.
  • (B): Absence of mentions of East African trade in earlier letters supports the idea that trade began in the 10th century.
  • (C): Architectural style change in East Africa reflecting North African patterns in the 10th century aligns with increased contact between the regions.
  • (E): East African carvings depicting unfamiliar Mediterranean-style ships suggest interaction with a new maritime culture, possibly from North Africa around the 10th century.
­
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