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In the correct option D, "it" refers to "wood", but shouldn't "that" be used when we are referring to the copy of something instead of the noun itself. The wood then, and now, which costs eight times more, is different. It is not the SAME wood. I request an expert to please shed some light on this.

(D) and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did
In this context "wood" refers to wood in general, rather than to some specific wood.

So, "it" also correctly refers to wood in general.
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Hello MartyTargetTestPrep - thank you for the clarification. I understood somewhat, but not sure if I got the point completely.

In this official example, why cannot "global economy" be considered as an economy in general? There seems to be something subtle I am missing. I would highly appreciate if you could please help me understand. Thanks!


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Pankaj0901
In the correct option D, "it" refers to "wood", but shouldn't "that" be used when we are referring to the copy of something instead of the noun itself. The wood then, and now, which costs eight times more, is different. It is not the SAME wood. I request an expert to please shed some light on this.

(D) and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did
In this context "wood" refers to wood in general, rather than to some specific wood.

So, "it" also correctly refers to wood in general.
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Hello MartyTargetTestPrep - thank you for the clarification. I understood somewhat, but not sure if I got the point completely.

In this official example, why cannot "global economy" be considered as an economy in general? There seems to be something subtle I am missing. I would highly appreciate if you could please help me understand. Thanks!


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Pankaj0901
In the correct option D, "it" refers to "wood", but shouldn't "that" be used when we are referring to the copy of something instead of the noun itself. The wood then, and now, which costs eight times more, is different. It is not the SAME wood. I request an expert to please shed some light on this.

(D) and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did
In this context "wood" refers to wood in general, rather than to some specific wood.

So, "it" also correctly refers to wood in general.
Notice that "THE global economy" is a specific economy.

If a sentence said, "THE wood sold in New Zealand," then wood mentioned would be some specific wood, but "wood" in choice (D) is not some specific wood. It's just "wood."
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Experts, could you please explain the official solution a lil more as to why exactly is B incorrect? I was stuck b/w B and D. I just couldn't point to an error in B. 'resulting' is actually modifying the previous whole clause right? Is the 'as much .. as in 1960' not correct in B? Please help. Thanks :)
Good question! The phrase "resulting in," because it contains a preposition, should introduce a noun or noun phrase that is a result. For example,

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, resulting in mass indigestion." --> What was the result of Tim's culinary negligence? Mass indigestion. Makes sense.

Now look at the relevant portion in (B):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, resulting in wood..."

The result of 10 million acres of forest disappearing was...wood? No. That's illogical. So (B) is out.

The phrase "as a result" will introduce a full clause. Again, poor beleaguered Tim will will help illustrate:

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, and as a result, everyone in town hates him." --> What was the result of Tim poisoning the neighborhood kids? The clause: everyone hates him. Of course they do.

This is the same usage we see in (D):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did."

What is the result of the 10 million acres of forest disappearing? It's the entire clause: wood now costs eight times as much as it used to. Makes perfect sense. Because (D) is logical and (B) is nonsense, (D) is our winner.

I hope that helps!
GMATNinja if option D was written like this : Because 70 percent of the people of India use wood as their sole fuel, ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960,and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as in 1960, sentence without IT DID .. was it still a correct a option?

I am trying to link Haley's comet example with this one. Both are time to time comparison. Secondly, IT cannot pick and choose isn't it? Shouldn't IT be referring to "WOOD NOW" making the sentence WOOD NOW DID IN 1960... , making the sentence non-sensical.

Obviously I have some conceptual gap here. Can you please help?
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GMATNinja if option D was written like this : Because 70 percent of the people of India use wood as their sole fuel, ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960,and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as in 1960, sentence without IT DID .. was it still a correct a option?

I am trying to link Haley's comet example with this one. Both are time to time comparison. Secondly, IT cannot pick and choose isn't it? Shouldn't IT be referring to "WOOD NOW" making the sentence WOOD NOW DID IN 1960... , making the sentence non-sensical.

Obviously I have some conceptual gap here. Can you please help?
This is what makes comparisons so tough. There's no rule that governs all scenarios, and these two examples are very different.

The Halley's comet question has the following construction: "In x... as in y." The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase, and there's a single "as" that seems to compare the prepositional phrases. Seems okay.

Now take another look at the relevant portion of (D) in this question:

Quote:
Wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did in 1960.
Notice that here, "as" shows up twice and there's no initial prepositional phrase to compare "in 1960" to. If I can't compare prepositional phrases, it makes sense to compare what something cost in one period to what it cost (or did) in another period, so the second verb is useful. Otherwise, it's tough to tell what "in 1960" is doing.

Is there a rule to learn here? Sadly, no. You need to be able to dissect and analyze the logic of a new construction under pressure. That's what SC comparisons are testing, not your able to remember a bunch of constructions you've seen before.

So don't try to memorize examples. Instead, you'll want to practice thinking logically under pressure. And if you're ever not sure about the logic of a comparison, look for other issues.

For more on comparisons, check out this old video (and its sequel) or this shorter one.

I hope that helps!
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Experts, could you please explain the official solution a lil more as to why exactly is B incorrect? I was stuck b/w B and D. I just couldn't point to an error in B. 'resulting' is actually modifying the previous whole clause right? Is the 'as much .. as in 1960' not correct in B? Please help. Thanks :)
Good question! The phrase "resulting in," because it contains a preposition, should introduce a noun or noun phrase that is a result. For example,

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, resulting in mass indigestion." --> What was the result of Tim's culinary negligence? Mass indigestion. Makes sense.

Now look at the relevant portion in (B):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, resulting in wood..."

The result of 10 million acres of forest disappearing was...wood? No. That's illogical. So (B) is out.

The phrase "as a result" will introduce a full clause. Again, poor beleaguered Tim will will help illustrate:

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, and as a result, everyone in town hates him." --> What was the result of Tim poisoning the neighborhood kids? The clause: everyone hates him. Of course they do.

This is the same usage we see in (D):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did."

What is the result of the 10 million acres of forest disappearing? It's the entire clause: wood now costs eight times as much as it used to. Makes perfect sense. Because (D) is logical and (B) is nonsense, (D) is our winner.

I hope that helps!

GMATNinja

But shouldn't "as a result..." be parallel to something? Since it is being used after "and"
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GMATNinja

But shouldn't "as a result..." be parallel to something? Since it is being used after "and"
Notice that the "and" in choice (D) actually links two independent clauses: "ten million acres of forest have been lost {...}, and wood now costs..."

You could argue that this construction is technically "parallel" since the two things joined by the "and" are both independent clauses, but that would be overthinking it. If you have a comma + conjunction that links two independent clauses, you don't really need to worry about parallelism.

But to your point, could "as a result" hypothetically affect the parallelism in a different situation? Consider this example:

    "Tim likes to eat joloff rice, butter chicken, and greasy French fries."

The word "and" is followed by a modifier ("greasy"), so is the parallelism WRONG because the first two things in the list don't have modifiers? No, the parallelism is perfectly fine here. We're just listing three nouns, and the extra little modifier doesn't affect the parallelism or the logic at all. We still have a list of three foods that Tim likes to eat -- we just have a bit more to say about the French fries. :-P

Similarly, something like "as a result" can be an extra modifier that doesn't affect the parallelism at all.

I hope that helps!
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GMATNinja

But shouldn't "as a result..." be parallel to something? Since it is being used after "and"
Notice that the "and" in choice (D) actually links two independent clauses: "ten million acres of forest have been lost {...}, and wood now costs..."

You could argue that this construction is technically "parallel" since the two things joined by the "and" are both independent clauses, but that would be overthinking it. If you have a comma + conjunction that links two independent clauses, you don't really need to worry about parallelism.

But to your point, could "as a result" hypothetically affect the parallelism in a different situation? Consider this example:

    "Tim likes to eat joloff rice, butter chicken, and greasy French fries."

The word "and" is followed by a modifier ("greasy"), so is the parallelism WRONG because the first two things in the list don't have modifiers? No, the parallelism is perfectly fine here. We're just listing three nouns, and the extra little modifier doesn't affect the parallelism or the logic at all. We still have a list of three foods that Tim likes to eat -- we just have a bit more to say about the French fries. :-P

Similarly, something like "as a result" can be an extra modifier that doesn't affect the parallelism at all.

I hope that helps!

this is my first comment on gmatclub. I had the same question. GMATNinja you are a big help for all of us! thanks !!
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Experts, could you please explain the official solution a lil more as to why exactly is B incorrect? I was stuck b/w B and D. I just couldn't point to an error in B. 'resulting' is actually modifying the previous whole clause right? Is the 'as much .. as in 1960' not correct in B? Please help. Thanks :)
Good question! The phrase "resulting in," because it contains a preposition, should introduce a noun or noun phrase that is a result. For example,

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, resulting in mass indigestion." --> What was the result of Tim's culinary negligence? Mass indigestion. Makes sense.

Now look at the relevant portion in (B):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, resulting in wood..."

The result of 10 million acres of forest disappearing was...wood? No. That's illogical. So (B) is out.

The phrase "as a result" will introduce a full clause. Again, poor beleaguered Tim will will help illustrate:

    "Tim fed undercooked burritos to the neighbor's children, and as a result, everyone in town hates him." --> What was the result of Tim poisoning the neighborhood kids? The clause: everyone hates him. Of course they do.

This is the same usage we see in (D):

    "Ten million acres of forest have been lost there since 1960, and as a result wood now costs eight times as much to collect and distribute as it did."

What is the result of the 10 million acres of forest disappearing? It's the entire clause: wood now costs eight times as much as it used to. Makes perfect sense. Because (D) is logical and (B) is nonsense, (D) is our winner.

I hope that helps!

Should a preposition always have a noun/noun phrase as it's object? Can't a preposition have a clause as its object?

E.g- I encourage you to do it.
Here the object of the preposition "to" is "do it" right? And "do it" is a clause?

Posted from my mobile device
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Should a preposition always have a noun/noun phrase as it's object? Can't a preposition have a clause as its object?

E.g- I encourage you to do it.
Here the object of the preposition "to" is "do it" right? And "do it" is a clause?

Posted from my mobile device
In that example, "to" is part of an infinitive verb form ("to do"), so it's not actually functioning as a preposition.

A noun clause can potentially act as the object of a preposition (e.g. "Tim is distracted by something he read on the internet."). But thinking about meaning and logic is going to be much more helpful than over-analyzing parts of speech. Does the thing after the preposition make sense as the object of the preposition? If not, then there might be a problem.

For more on that, check out this post from earlier in the thread: https://gmatclub.com/forum/because-70-p ... l#p2481520.
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