Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times as rare as China's giant pandas.

A Quick Fix


A. Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times as rare as -- modification problem. Th researchers seem to be suffering from poaching and cultivation in their own habitats

B. Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, researchers have determined, making them many times more rare than -- looks as though the many times being more rare is caused by researchers and their determination.

C. There are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined, which makes the leopards many times more rare compared to --- which has no referent at all in the visibility

D. Researchers have determined that, because of being poached and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, thus making them many more times as rare as-- many times should be accompanied by 'than', not 'as'

E. Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times more rare than -- The only one left
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Original sentence has "many times as rare as" which is the wrong usage. "as rare as" would be used to compare the rarity of 2 species. "many times" will be used to say one specie is more rare than other. "many times" and "as rare as" can't be used together.

A. wrong for above reason.
B. "Researchers have determined" comes very late in the sentence and the entire structure of the sentence is messed up
C. "many times more rare compared to " - wrong usage.
D. "being poached" and "increased cultivation" are not parallel.
E. correct.

The best way of checking the difference between “due to” and “because of” is by replacing the former with the phrase “cause by” and then rechecking. If the sentence makes sense, the usage is fine. If it doesn’t, then the answer choice is the one which contains “because of”.

For example :-

The dog was barking due to the night -> The dog was barking caused by the night. -> Makes no sense
The dog’s barking was due to the night -> The dog’s barking was caused by the night. -> Makes sense

In this question you can use the same process to get to the answer. However, the sentence contains other errors as well, because of which you will have to be wary of those as well.

A,B, C are straight out because of the use of “due to”

Between, D & E –> D uses “being” and them is “ambiguous”, "Because of" is immediately followed "by poaching" which still holds onto the structure.
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For me Each sentence has some or the other issue and E seems best out of bunch...!!

I agree... there MIGHT be some pronoun ambiguity here as "their" can refer to both researchers and leopards.

The thing is, when you use a pronoun to start a sentence (e.g., some intro modifying clause), usually the antecedent SHOULD be the first approprirate candidate noun.

For example,
Because she likes sports, Kelly is always seen playing tennis with Mary.

She refers to Kelly and not Mary (usually)...

Still, it's probably best to just redraft the sentence so there's no ambiguity.

A and D say that researchers are poached ..so wrong...
B is wrong as after the "Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats," the subject must be present. Here it says there are..so B is wrong.

Idiom: more ..than ..is correct usage
In C it says "more rare compared to.." no than ..so wrong..

So E is correct.

Hi daagh

Is the usage 'many times rare than' right? Shouldn't it be rarer than and not rare?
I felt that is awkward and hence eliminated E.

True. But 'rarer than' is not given in any of the options. E seems to be the best of the bad boys.
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Split 1 - replace "due to" with caused by and see if the sentence makes sense
--> eliminate (A), (B) and (C)

Split 2 - "as rare as" vs "many times more rare than"
As rare as = the same level of rarity
more rare than = greater rarity e.g. X is 100x more Rare than Y; therefore X = 101Y and 101Y > Y
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Dear GMATNinja EMPOWERgmatVerbal

I have concern over the use of "many times as rare as" and "many times more rare than". I hope you could help enlighten me.

As far as I know, it's okay to say "this road is three times as long as that road". Thus I think it's also okay to say "leopards are many times as rare as pandas".
So either "many times more rare than" or "many times as rare as" is grammartically correct. Is my thinking correct?

Thank you
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Hi Tracy95!

You are correct that using the phrases "as rare as" or "as long as" are grammatically correct.

However, they are not ALWAYS correct. It depends on what the meaning you're trying to convey.

The phrases "as rare as" or "as long as" are ONLY used to say that the 2 items are the same. If you're trying to say the 2 items are different, you cannot us "as many as" or "as long as."

So for this question, here is what we're dealing with:

"many times as rare as" = WRONG (The phrase "as rare as" would mean the 2 items are the same, but we start with "many times," which is a clue that the 2 items are not the same level of rare.)

"many times more rare than" = CORRECT (The phrase "more rare than" makes it clear to readers that the 2 items are different - one of them is many times MORE rare than the other.)

As for your other example:

As far as I know, it's okay to say "this road is three times as long as that road".

NO, this is not grammatically correct. If you say that there is a 3x difference between the two roads, you CANNOT use "as long as." Remember - "as X as Y" only works if the 2 items are the same - and these two roads are different lengths. You must say "This road is three times longer than that road."

I hope that helps clear things up!
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Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times as rare as China's giant pandas.

(A) Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined that there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times as rare as "Due to" can only modify a noun - here it is modifying a clause ("researchers have determined..."). Eliminate.

(B) Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, researchers have determined, making them many times more rare than Same error as in (A) - "due to" modifies the clause "there are fewer than...". Eliminate.

(C) There are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined, which makes the leopards many times more rare compared to Same error as in (A) and (B). Eliminate.

(D) Researchers have determined that, because of being poached and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, thus making them many more times as rare as "being poached" is not parallel to "increased cultivation". "Thus" + "making" is redundant since verb + "ing" already denotes effect. Eliminate.

(E) Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times more rare than Correct answer.

Hope this helps.
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Hi GMATNinja,

Could you please explain if the pronoun "their" is ambiguous OA ie Option E?

Laksh47
There's an easy answer to that. The pronouns in a correct answer on an official question are never ambiguous!

We only have to worry about ambiguity in two cases: 1) it's truly unclear what the pronoun is supposed to refer to, or 2) the structure of the sentence leads us to expect the pronoun to refer to something other than its intended meaning. We don't have either case here. It's clear that we'd be talking about the native habitat of the leopards, not the researchers. We'd only have to worry about case #2 if we had already seen "they" used to refer to researchers, or if the sentence said something like "Because the researchers spent a great deal of time in the field, they . . . ," in which case we'd expect "they" to be the researchers, and it would be odd to start talking about leopards.
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Hi dcummins and anairamitch1804

You have mentioned that replacing 'due to' with 'caused by' is one of your reason to eliminate options A, B & C.
Could you please elaborate in detail that why (or how) replacing 'due to' with 'caused by' will not make sense?

Dear aarkay87

you can substitute due to on cased by and vet the validity of the sentence.

(A) Due to Caused by poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined that

Do researchers caused by poaching and increased cultivation? Does it make sense?
In short, "due to" can modify noun when it make sense.

(B) Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, researchers have determined, making them many times more rare than- - due to cannot modify action

(C) There are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, researchers have determined, which makes the leopards many times more rare compared to - due to cannot modify action

(D) Researchers have determined that, because of being poached and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, thus making them many more times as rare as - because of cannot modify verb/adj

GMATNinja in (E), how did we conclude that "their" refers to Arabian leopards, and not to researchers?
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Here's how I'd think about it: the moment I see "their," I'm asking myself two questions: 1) is there a plural noun the pronoun can refer to? and 2) does this plural noun make sense?

It's true that if my eyes drift backwards from "their" I might first come across "researchers" as a candidate. But while "researchers" is plural, it makes absolutely no sense. We're talking about something getting poached -- common sense tells me that we're probably referring to some kind of animal here, not researchers. (Though I definitely worked with some researchers in my PhD program who reminded me of wild animals. )

Also, the phrase "native habitats" is another clue that we're talking about an animal, not people. So I'll keep looking for my antecedent elsewhere.

As soon as my eyes begin to move in the other direction, they come across "leopards." Well, this is plural. And it's perfectly logical to write about leopards getting poached in their natural habitats. So I'm pretty confident that "their" refers to "leopards." There's no rule about where to look for the pronoun's antecedent. I just knew I was looking for something plural and logical. "Leopards" is the only thing that works.

Do I love this? Nope. But I don't have to. There's no rule that if a sentence contains a plural pronoun, it must contain just one plural noun elsewhere in the sentence. It just needs to have something that could work logically. Every other answer choice here contains a concrete error, so I'm left with option (E).

I hope that helps!
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comma+making in choice D is wrong.

this phrase need a subject in the main clause to be correct.

I go to usa, making my family happy

in this sentence "I " perform "making".

MartyTargetTestPrep

for "B" when we have 2 clauses like that, does the second modify the first? How does that work, is there a TTP chapter on it.

B. Due to poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, researchers have determined, making them many times more rare than -- looks as though the many times being more rare is caused by researchers and their determination.
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