Verbal Expert Topic That “-ing” word probably isn’t a verb Let’s start with a pop quiz, because we’re cruel like that. Is the parallelism in this sentence correct? Amber traveled the world, eating international cuisine and contracting tropical diseases. We’ll say more about this sentence at the end of the post, but here’s a wrong answer that I often hear from newcomers to GMAT SC: the sentence is incorrect because “the three verbs are not parallel to each other.” Whenever I hear that answer, I know that my student is assuming that “eating” and “contracting” are both verbs. And in most cases on the GMAT, those “-ing” words aren’t verbs at all – but it’s an easy mistake to make. So what should you do whenever you see an “-ing” word on the GMAT? Well, that “-ing” word could serve any of four different purposes on the exam – and it’s probably not a verb. Four uses of –ing words 1) “-ing” verbs (progressive tenses) Sure, it’s possible for an –ing word to be a verb, but this usage is relatively rare on the GMAT. Here are a couple of examples: Mike is surfing like a world champion today. Mike was surfing when he realized that he truly, deeply loves the GMAT. If you like jargon, you could say that both of these verbs are in the progressive tense. This family of verb tenses is used only to indicate an ongoing action. Trouble is, this verb tense doesn’t appear very often on the GMAT. And more importantly, the “-ing” word can only be a verb if it is immediately preceded by some form of “to be.” So in our original sentence, “Amber traveled the world, eating international cuisine and contracting tropical diseases”, the “-ing” words aren’t verbs at all, since they aren’t preceded by “to be.” On to option #2: 2) “-ing” nouns (gerunds) The second possibility for “-ing” words is that they can be used as nouns (also known as gerunds if you like grammar jargon). A couple of examples: Surfing makes Mike happy. Charles’s hobbies include eating . In most cases, "-ing" nouns are easy to spot on the GMAT: they’re clearly either the subject or an object of the sentence. For the most part, these won’t cause you a whole lot of trouble on GMAT SC. So let's move on to usage #3: 3) “-ing” modifiers, part I: participles On the GMAT, “-ing” words are most often used as modifiers; if you like grammar jargon, feel free to call them participles. A few examples: Walking through the forest, the pig happily hunted for truffles. Laughing maniacally, the airline’s security personnel knocked a few teeth from Dr. Dao’s mouth. In both cases, the phrase beginning with the “-ing” word modifies the entire clause that follows. In the first sentence, “walking through the forest” gives us extra information about what was happening when “the pig happily hunted for truffles.” Notice that the "-ing" modifier must "make sense" with the subject, too: it's reasonable to say that the pig is capable of walking through the forest. The same is true of the (considerably less pleasant) second sentence: the modifier “laughing maniacally” gives us more information about the entire scene aboard a certain aircraft. The GMAT’s favorite trap here is to give you a modifier that simply doesn’t make sense with the subject of the main clause. Here’s a fairly obvious example: Walking through the forest, the mushrooms were colorful. If we look at this strictly and literally, the sentence is saying that the mushrooms are walking through the forest. That’s fine if we’re playing Super Mario Brothers, but it doesn’t make sense on the GMAT. Bottom line: when you see an “-ing” modifier (NOT a verb or a noun) at the beginning of the sentence, the GMAT is asking you to verify that it actually make sense with the subject of the clause that it modifies, even though the "-ing" word often modifies the entire clause. And you’ll see this over and over and over again on GMAT SC. 4) “-ing” modifiers, part II: adjectives The fourth and final use of “-ing” words is that they can be nice, boring adjectives: The man resembling Steve Buchemi has bad teeth. The woman leading the meeting is the company’s CFO. These aren’t terribly interesting, to be honest: in the first case, “resembling” just modifies the man, and in the second case, “leading” just modifies the woman. Adjectives… yawn. But here’s the thing: if you aren’t careful, you can get tricked into making mistakes with these adjectives, particularly when parallelism is involved. Here’s an example, very loosely based on an official GMAT question: The angry politician, frustrated by the opposition’s parliamentary tactics and screaming about the other parties’ unconstitutional behavior, is both a hypocrite and a narcissist. A common error would be to say that “frustrated” and “screaming” aren’t parallel to each other, since they “don't sound the same” or because they “aren’t the same tense.” But “frustrated” and “screaming” are both adjectives that modify "the angry politician". So there’s no problem here at all. And keep an eye on @souvik103990’s magnificent new Verbal Question of the Day series – you’ll see at least one example of this type of parallelism this week. Back to our example Remember this sentence? Amber traveled the world, eating international cuisine and contracting tropical diseases. By now, you know that “eating” and “contracting” aren’t verbs, since they don’t include any form of “to be.” And since they aren’t the subject or object of the sentence, they aren’t nouns, either. Clearly, we’re dealing with modifiers here -- and if you saw this on the actual exam, the GMAT would be asking you to verify that the modifiers actually make sense with the clause they modify. And in this case, the modifiers seem fine: “ eating international cuisine” and “ contracting tropical diseases” are just giving us more information about Amber’s activities when she “traveled the world.” Want more? Here’s nice rundown of how “-ing” and “-ed words can be parallel to each other: https://gmatclub.com/forum/verb-ed-verb ... 26923.html Here’s an older thread that focuses exclusively on “-ing” modifiers: https://gmatclub.com/forum/usage-of-ver ... 35220.html Coming up in our next Topic of the Week: a rundown of the uses of “-ed” words on the GMAT. They’re awfully similar to “-ing” words, but with a few small twists. Want to discuss exciting “-ing” words, scintillating “-ed” words, or other riveting GMAT verbal topics? Join us every Wednesday (8 am PST/8:30 am IST) for the verbal experts’ weekly chat.

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Verbal Expert Topic That “-ing” word probably isn’t a verb

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hibobotamuss

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15 Nov 2018, 02:52

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Thank God for your posts. So informative and fun to read!

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27 Apr 2019, 09:49

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Hello GMATNinja

I have a question, which needs to be resolved as the concept behind it is very confusing.
You gave us this example :
Walking through the forest, the pig happily hunted for truffles.

and then also mentioned that :
Notice that the "-ing" modifier must "make sense" with the subject, too: it's reasonable to say that the pig is capable of walking through the forest.

Until this point, I was good, but then there is a link that you have attached above and that link is about how verb-ing and verb-ed words can be parallel. Quoting the same;

Quote:

Here’s nice rundown of how “-ing” and “-ed words can be parallel to each other : https://gmatclub.com/forum/verb-ed-verb ... 26923.html

The sentence discussed in that post is as follows -

Quote:

The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, which was determined by when the sun reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.

In this question that has been discussed by egmat, Payal says that the portion underlined are the two characteristics of local time, but from what you explained above, I thought that the verb-ed modifier (determined) and the verb-ing modifier (differing) are modifying the "GROWTH of the railroads" and that didn't make sense to me and hence I crossed-out options D and E.

I am not able to understand, with that construction, that how do we determine whether those modifiers are modifying the subject of the sentence (Growth) or the noun (local times) that they immediately follow. If the latter one is correct, then is it not contradicting what you explained in the post above?

In anticipation of your explanation. Kind Regards!
Thanks in advance.

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Can any expert help me with my post above? (https://gmatclub.com/forum/experts-topi ... l#p2267086)

Also as we know that :
Theory - When we have an independent clause followed by a participle phrase, the participle phrase modifies the subject of the sentence. Then why not in the sentence at hand?

Quote:

AjiteshArun chetan2u ChrisLele GMATNinja egmat VeritasKarishma RonPurewal mikemcgarry daagh

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30 Apr 2019, 04:36

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aalekhoza

Theory - When we have an independent clause followed by a participle phrase, the participle phrase modifies the subject of the sentence. Then why not in the sentence at hand?

Quote:

Let's look at "ing + comma" and "comma + ing" separately.

I agree that if the sentence starts with an "ing ,", that modifier applies to the clause that comes after it (hopefully with no other modifiers in the middle to make the sentence more difficult to read). However, we'll have to be a little more careful when trying to apply this to a situation in which the ", ing" comes after other structures in a sentence. In such a case, the ", ing" may not be directly associated with the main subject (of the entire sentence).

This post has an example that may help.

The correct option in the question that you linked to is:
The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, determined by when the sun reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.

You can also take a look at the following example in GMATNinja 's post:
The angry politician, frustrated by the opposition’s parliamentary tactics and screaming about the other parties’ unconstitutional behavior, is both a hypocrite and a narcissist.

I'm not sure whether I've fully answered your question though. The main point is that we'll have to recognize that ", -ing" structures are not restricted in the way we might have thought they are.

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30 Apr 2019, 08:30

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aalekhoza

Quote:

Hi,

If I have understood your question, it concerns..
1) determined by when the sun reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city...
Here, you feel that determined and differing should modify the subject of the main clause, that is The growth of the railroads.

Yes, the verb+ed and verb+ing modifier modifies the subject of the clause or the action of the clause.
But be careful on what you consider as modifiers.
Here words ' determined' and 'differing' are parallel, but determined is preceded by 'was', so the terms are acting like normal verbs.
So, when you replace 'which' by what it modifies, the sentence becomes..
local times was determined by when the sun reached the observer's meridian and differing from city to city

Hope it helps

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Thank you so much for your reply AjiteshArun. I think MEANING is most critical part of the sentence, and maybe that is what you were trying to make me understand. Right?
I also understood the concept that you explained in the link that you have attached. If we apply the same flip technique in the sentence at hand :

Determined by...and Differing from city to city, the growth... This actually doesn't make any sense, though it makes complete sense when these two modifiers modify local time. I'll make a note of this :

Quote:

However, we'll have to be a little more careful when trying to apply this to a situation in which the ", ing" comes after other structures in a sentence. In such a case, the ", ing" may not be directly associated with the main subject (of the entire sentence)

Thanks for your explanation chetan2u, I have made a note of learning from your post.
Thanks again. Kind Regards!

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03 May 2021, 06:53

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GMATNinja is there any article by you on the usage of a preposition with -ing and on the usage of To-Verb

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gagan0303

GMATNinja is there any article by you on the usage of a preposition with -ing and on the usage of To-Verb

Gagan

Nope, sorry. But if you have trouble with this sort of thing while working on an official question, feel free to tag us, and we'll do our best to help!

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Hi GMATNinja,

This topic is very insightful. But a small 50-min video on youtube, sprinkled with jokes and examples, would've been music to our ears.

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nikhilvarekar

Hi GMATNinja,

This topic is very insightful. But a small 50-min video on youtube, sprinkled with jokes and examples, would've been music to our ears.

Haha, thank you, nikhilvarekar! We've flirted with the idea of turning this topic into a video, but haven't quite pulled the trigger. We'll add it to the wishlist for our next series.

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Hi GMATNinja,

This topic is very insightful. But a small 50-min video on youtube, sprinkled with jokes and examples, would've been music to our ears.

Haha, thank you, nikhilvarekar! We've flirted with the idea of turning this topic into a video, but haven't quite pulled the trigger. We'll add it to the wishlist for our next series.

Hi GMATNinja,

Very glad to know about the upcoming series. When can we expect the first video? I will replenish my paper and wafer stock accordingly!

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GMATNinja

4) “-ing” modifiers, part II: adjectives

The fourth and final use of “-ing” words is that they can be nice, boring adjectives:

The man resembling Steve Buchemi has bad teeth.
The woman leading the meeting is the company’s CFO.

These aren’t terribly interesting, to be honest: in the first case, “resembling” just modifies the man, and in the second case, “leading” just modifies the woman. Adjectives… yawn.

GMATNinja - thank you for the wonderful SC (& nostalgic grammar!) lessons.

In this quote, I understand how "resembling" modifies "the man". Ask the question, "how is the man", answer is "resembling XXX", so resembling is an adjective.

But in the second sentence, ask the question "how is the woman", the answer is not "leading". It sounds like the woman's action here is to lead the meeting, hence "leading" is a verb.
Can you help what I missed here?

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Hi GMATNinja,

This topic is very insightful. But a small 50-min video on youtube, sprinkled with jokes and examples, would've been music to our ears.

Haha, thank you, nikhilvarekar! We've flirted with the idea of turning this topic into a video, but haven't quite pulled the trigger. We'll add it to the wishlist for our next series.

Hi GMATNinja,

Very glad to know about the upcoming series. When can we expect the first video? I will replenish my paper and wafer stock accordingly!

It isn't in the pipeline yet, but we'll definitely let everyone know if/when it happens!

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GMATNinja

4) “-ing” modifiers, part II: adjectives

The fourth and final use of “-ing” words is that they can be nice, boring adjectives:

The man resembling Steve Buchemi has bad teeth.
The woman leading the meeting is the company’s CFO.

These aren’t terribly interesting, to be honest: in the first case, “resembling” just modifies the man, and in the second case, “leading” just modifies the woman. Adjectives… yawn.

Well, adjectives can do more than simply answer the question, "How is the {noun}?" Broadly speaking, an adjective describes a quality or state of being of the noun.

Consider the following example:

"The man dressed in purple and screaming in the street attracted the attention of the police."
Yes, "screaming" implies an action. But in this sentence, "screaming" is not the main verb. Instead, it just tells us more about the man -- just as "dressed in purple" tells us more about the man. Sure, the man must have completed the action of getting dressed at some point if he is now dressed in purple, but that doesn't make "dressed" the main verb.

If we strip out the modifiers, we're left with this:

"The man attracted the attention of the police."
It should be fairly obviously that "attracted" is the main verb. The stuff we stripped out ("dressed in purple and screaming in the street") just qualifies the man, describing his qualities (dressed in purple) and state of being (screaming in the street).

Luckily, the GMAT will never ask you to label parts of a sentence, so don't drive yourself too crazy over this! When in doubt, identify the core of the sentence (main subject + main verb) first -- that should make it easier to identify the extra modifying information.

I hope that helps!

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GMATNinja

4) “-ing” modifiers, part II: adjectives

The fourth and final use of “-ing” words is that they can be nice, boring adjectives:

The man resembling Steve Buchemi has bad teeth.
The woman leading the meeting is the company’s CFO.

These aren’t terribly interesting, to be honest: in the first case, “resembling” just modifies the man, and in the second case, “leading” just modifies the woman. Adjectives… yawn.

Well, adjectives can do more than simply answer the question, "How is the {noun}?" Broadly speaking, an adjective describes a quality or state of being of the noun.

Consider the following example:

Sure it does! Thanks a ton for your response.

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Hello from the GMAT Club VerbalBot!

Thanks to another GMAT Club member, I have just discovered this valuable topic, yet it had no discussion for over a year. I am now bumping it up - doing my job. I think you may find it valuable (esp those replies with Kudos).

Want to see all other topics I dig out? Follow me (click follow button on profile). You will receive a summary of all topics I bump in your profile area as well as via email.

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