IMO D

A)For Aquinas, Aristotle posited a relation of the physical to the metaphysical that, Aquinas felt, had a deep resonance with Christian theology Illogical structure. Sounds like Aristotle did something for Aquinas. Rejected on bad rhetorical construction and unclear meaning

B)To Aquinas, the relation of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle had a deep resonance with Christian theology To Aquinas is not the correct way to express Aquinas felt

C)To Aquinas, the relation of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle, deeply resonating with Christian theology Worse than B as deeply resonating is not a proper verb. The sentence is a fragment now.

D) Aquinas felt that the relation of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle deeply resonated with Christian theology Sound grammatically correct. Use of verb "resonated" is preferred over adjective for concision

E)Aquinas felt that the relation of the physical to the metaphysical in Aristotle had a deep resonance with Christian theology Sound grammatically correct. But, use of verb "resonated" is preferred over adjective "resonance" for concision
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-Sameer
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one doubt here, Aristotle was a person not a work. "In Aristotle" used in B,C,D and E is wrong as in the non-underlined part we are using Aristotle's Philosophy. "By Aristotle" would be correct.
Option A to me seems fine compared with other options.

Hi Krishna, I didnot get why E is wrong. Could you please explain a bit. Can GMAT give SCs on such subtle differences? Thank you.
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Just as a clarification, "resonated with" is active while E has a passive voice ("deep resonance"). GMAT prefers active voices whenever possible.

I am I the only one who thinks that If one option uses a verb form and other uses a noun form of a word. Then most of the times ( 90%) The Option using verb form is right.

Here its D.
I was struck between D and E . I chose D because of my instincts, as i could'nt find any errors in E daagh Sir, GMATNinja can you please help me out here.

Official Explanation Magoosh:

A question about the use of philosophy of Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in the writings of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Split #1: the subject of the first half. The second half of the sentence, after the underlined section, begins with the pronoun "he." What is the antecedent of this pronoun? The antecedent should be Aquinas, but in order to make that clear grammatically, Aquinas should be the subject of the sentence. Moreover, Aquinas is the subject, the star, of the second half, so if he were also the subject of the first half, that would give the entire sentence rhetorical unity. For a couple reasons, it's important to have Aquinas as the subject of the underlined half of the sentence. Only choices (D) & (E) do this.

Split #2: noun/verb/adjective. Choices (A) & (B) & (E)have "had a deep resonance with", a noun formulation. Choice(C) has the participle "resonating," that the first half, which should be a full [noun] + [verb] clause, is simply a noun + a noun modifier, so this is grammatically incorrect. Only choice (D) has the verb construction, "deeply resonates with," which is far more active, direct, and powerful. This is by no means a glaring error, but often the GMAT will include it in an answer choice that is almost right. In this case, that “almost correct answer” is (E), which also includes the unnecessary “that,” which does not have a clear antecedent. It would be odd to say, “had a deep resonance with the <relation> of Christian theology."

FAQ: The sentence is not referring to Aristotle's physical body, so how can the phrase "in Aristotle" be correct?

The phrase "in Aristotle" is an idiomatic expression that is often used in academic writing. We can say "in Aristotle" to mean "in Aristotle's works" or "in Aristotle's philosophy." It does not mean "inside Aristotle's body."

As another example, we could say something like "common themes in Shakespeare," which would refer to common themes in Shakespeare's works and not in his physical body. Similarly, if we talked about "the use of rhythm in Beethoven," we would mean in Beethoven's music, not in his physical person.
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Simple strategy:
“Once you’ve eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”

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My Notes:
Reading comprehension | Critical Reasoning | Absolute Phrases | Subjunctive Mood